Role of Perceived Social Support in Adherence to Antihypertensives and Controlled Hypertension: Findings of a Community Survey from Urban Nepal

Introduction

Hypertension is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).1 Globally it affects about 40% of the population and causes approximately 7.6 million deaths every year.2 Despite the availability of effective interventions, including antihypertensive medication only 20% with hypertension have well-controlled blood pressure.3 In Nepal, high blood pressure was the leading cause of CVDs in 20174 where 20–30% of adult women and men have hypertension.5 The high proportion of untreated (89% of those aware) and uncontrolled (96% of those on treatment) hypertension in Nepal,5 jeopardizes the government’s commitment to reduce CVDs.6

Management of hypertension may require substantial efforts, including adherence to antihypertensive medications, monitoring of blood pressure, frequent follow-up with healthcare providers, weight reduction, physical activity, healthy diet, and avoidance of alcohol and tobacco use.7 Patients with chronic conditions like hypertension often need social and family support to optimally manage their ailment.8,9 Social support is a multidimensional concept often defined as activities and relationships that individuals receive and provide to each other within their social networks.10 A large and diverse social support network can boost self-esteem and provide better access to information and resources.11,12 Health-related interactions with friends and family promote healthy behaviors including adherence to treatment.13–16 Feeling connected with others and the awareness that support is available when needed are important for positive health outcomes.17–19 Positive social relationships help patients cope with illness associated stress promoting better prognosis.20 Social support may protect patients from complications by helping with health management,16 or by encouraging healthy behaviors.21 However, the evidence on the role of social support in the management of chronic conditions is inconclusive. Studies have shown a positive,22–26 null27,28 and an inverse association29 between social support and management of chronic conditions. The role of social support in the management of chronic conditions like hypertension has not been sufficiently explored in the Nepalese context. One study from Nepal reported a positive association between social support and self-care for hypertension.30 In this study, we explored how perceived social support influences medication adherence and control of high blood pressure. The results from this study could serve to inform targeted community-based interventions according to the level of social support received by hypertension patients for controlling hypertension.

Materials and Methods

Study Setting

The study was conducted in Budhanilkantha municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal. The municipality has nearly 150,000 inhabitants31 and has 11 public health facilities that provide primary health care and tertiary care is provided by the private and public hospitals nearby. Hypertension prevalence of the urban areas such as Budanilakantha (25.2%) is similar to the national average (24.5%).5

Study Design and Population

Cross-sectional data collected at baseline from 1252 hypertensive individuals enrolled in a cluster randomized trial (Registration no: NCT05292469). The detailed trial methods are published elsewhere.32 Trained enumerators identified participants seeking support from health workers and volunteers, screened for eligibility, and obtained written informed consent after explaining the trial objectives. Eighteen years and older individuals with established hypertension diagnosis (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg on at least two consecutive visits or using antihypertensive medication) and able to respond to the questions were recruited. Pregnant women were excluded.

Data Collection

Trained enumerators collected baseline data from 2 May 2022 through 7 November 2022 using an android operating system tablet installed with KOBO toolbox electronic data collection platform. The questionnaire was pretested. Participants were shown picture cards with examples of physical activity and commonly used utensils for drinking alcohol to ensure accurate measurements.5

Outcomes

Hypertension control

An “Omron” digital instrument was used to measure blood pressure three times in a resting position and the mean of the last two measurements was registered. Participants with systolic and diastolic blood pressure less than 140 and 90 mmHg were categorized as controlled hypertension others as uncontrolled hypertension.

Medication adherence

We administered an eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) (Supplementary Table 1).33 The scale is widely used to measure medication adherence and is reported to have good reliability (α = 0.83) and validity with sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 53% for low adherence.34 The first seven questions have responses YES coded as 0 and NO coded as 1. The code of the fifth question was reversed and the responses to the eighth question were re-coded from 2 to 0.75, 3 to 0.5, 4 to 0.25, 5 to 0 during the analysis. Responses to all eight questions were added to get MMAS, and a score above 6 was considered good adherence and ≤6 poor adherence.35

Exposures

Modified multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was used to measure the adequacy of support participants received from family, friends, and significant others (Supplementary Table 2).36 Twelve questions with answers on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree) were asked to the participants. Cronbach’s alpha has been estimated to be 0.92, 0.85, 0.85 and 0.86 for total and family, friends, and significant others subscales, respectively.36 The MSPSS was translated into Nepali by SB and was reviewed by the study clinician. During training, the wording of the questions was discussed with the enumerators from the study community. The enumerators pretested the questions, and any problems encountered in administering the questions were discussed and addressed before finalizing the tool. The internal consistency reliability for the MSPSS was found good with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 for the overall score and 0.87, 0.91, and 0.84 for family, friend, and significant other subscales, respectively. The overall MSPSS ranged between 12 and 60, high scores indicate high perceived social support. The subscale scores were calculated by adding the responses for related questions. During analysis, scores were divided by the number of questions included in each scale resulting in scores ranging between 1 and 5. The scores were categorized as low (1.00–3.59), moderate (3.60–4.59), and high (4.60–5.00) support.

Covariates

The covariates included in the model were age (continuous), gender (female/male), ethnicity (Brahmin Chettri/Newars/Tamang, Sherpa, Rai, Gurung, Magar/Dalits), current marital status (unmarried/married), education (illiterate/primary/secondary/high school and above), and per capita annual income in US dollars (continuous). Other variables considered were occupation status (unemployed/paid employment), self-reported diabetes status (status not known/non-diabetic/diabetic), years since hypertension diagnosis, and prescribed antihypertensives (Yes/No). The diet quality questionnaire assessed 32 different food groups participants ate in the 24 hours preceding the survey.37 The global dietary recommendation score (ranging from 0 to 18, higher score means better diet quality) was calculated by subtracting foods recommended to limit from foods recommended as healthy and adding nine. It measures adherence to a healthy diet protective against non-communicable diseases.37 Fruits and vegetable scores ranged from 0 to 6, with scores of <3 indicate the likelihood of eating less than 400 grams of fruits and vegetables.37 Daily salt intake was asked and categorized as ≤10 grams, 11–15 grams, and >15 grams. A global physical activity questionnaire38 was used to calculate metabolic equivalents of task (METs) minutes per week categorizing <600 METs (inadequate) and ≥600 (adequate). Body mass index of <25 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2 was categorized as normal weight and overweight, respectively.39 Standard drinks per week were calculated by asking current alcohol drinkers about drinking frequency and amount of different types of alcohol5 and categorizing into non-drinkers (≤1 standard drink per month), moderate drinkers (<3 standard drinks per week), and high drinkers (≥3 standard drinks per week). Tobacco use including both smoked and chewed was categorized as never, and ever users.

Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables. Confounders included in the model were identified a priori by constructing a directed acyclic graph (DAG)40 to assess the association between MSPSS and controlled hypertension and adherence to antihypertensives. We fitted Poisson regression to assess the association between MSPSS and hypertension control. Prevalence ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Two models were fitted, unadjusted (model 1) and adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, and income (model 2). Similar models were also fitted to assess the association between MSPSS and adherence to antihypertensives. Based on the DAGs, mediators such as dietary, lifestyle and clinical factors were not included in the model. All analyses were performed with Stata 18.41

Ethics

We have obtained ethical approval from Nepal Health Research Council (Protocol number: 682/2021) approved on 24 December 2021 and Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics, Norway (Reference number: 399479) approved on 22 February 2022. We have adhered to the declaration of Helsinki throughout the research process.

Results

The mean age of study participants was 57.5 years, and 60% were females. Table 1 shows the distribution of sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical factors by categories of overall MSPSS. Participants with high social support were generally younger and more often males, married, belonged to Brahmin/Chettri ethnicity, were highly educated, had paid employment, had high per capita income, physically active, overweight, drink <3 standard drinks per week, current tobacco users, consumed daily <10 grams salt, had high global dietary requirement score, consumed less fruits and vegetables, were diabetic, were prescribed more than three antihypertensives, had shorter duration since diagnosis of hypertension and had poorly controlled blood pressure.

Table 1 Socioeconomic, Lifestyle, and Clinical Factors by Levels of Overall MSPSS

Out of the 1252 participants 914 (73%) reported receiving moderate to high overall MSPSS. Figure 1 shows that the high proportion of individuals with controlled hypertension and good adherence to antihypertensives were in moderate MSPSS category (58.7%) and high MSPSS category (74.3%), respectively. The distribution of MSPSS subscales by status of hypertension control and adherence to antihypertensives are shown in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4.

Figure 1 Proportion controlling hypertension and good adherence to antihypertensives in categories of overall MSPSS.

Overall, there was no significant association between social support and controlled hypertension (Table 2). However, individuals who received a moderate level of social support from friends exhibited 1.18 (95% CI, 1.04–1.33) times higher prevalence of controlled hypertension compared to those receiving low support.

Table 2 Association Between MSPSS and Controlled Hypertension

Further, Table 3 shows that there was no association between social support and prevalence of adherence to antihypertensives, and unadjusted and adjusted estimates were very similar.

Table 3 Association Between MSPSS and Adherence to Antihypertensives

Discussion

In this study, we explored how perceived social support received by hypertension patients affected adherence to antihypertensives and control of hypertension. Our analysis showed that 73% of participants received moderate to high social support. Despite anticipating a positive association between MSPSS and controlled hypertension, we found that participants in the high MSPSS category had the lowest proportion of hypertension control (51%) while the proportion of good adherence did not differ between MSPSS categories. There was no association between MSPSS and adherence to antihypertensives and controlled hypertension except for friend’s sub-scale where higher prevalence of controlled hypertension was observed in moderate social support compared to low.

Very few studies from Nepal have reported on the relationship between social support and hypertension control and adherence to antihypertensives. Our finding that hypertensive patients receive high social support is in line with previous studies from Ethiopia42 and Turkey,43 but not with studies from Nepal30 and Malaysia.44 Previous studies from high-income countries agree with our findings that social support is neither associated with hypertension control45,46 (Spain/Korea) nor with adherence to antihypertensives28 (USA). However, a positive association between social support with controlled hypertension has been reported by a study from Vietnam47 and with adherence to antihypertensives by studies from India,23 China48 and Turkey.43 The inconsistent findings could be due to discrepancies in how social support was measured. A few studies have used MSPSS30,43,49 to measure social support but their outcome measure was self-efficacy to hypertension rather than hypertension control while those with hypertension control as the outcome measured social support differently by measuring frequency of visits by friends and family,45 social support inventory,28 self-esteem and belongingness23 and availability of informational, emotional, practical support.27,46,48

The quality and type of social support received has a bearing on adherence to medication and hypertension control.13 Practical support received for household chores lowered the risk of uncontrolled hypertension in Vietnam,47 whereas financial support from friends was harmful to adherence to medication in China.48 Therefore, nuanced studies disentangling the mechanisms through which social support the process of hypertension management are needed.

The reason hypertensive patients received high social support in our study may be due to availability of family members rendered by large family size in our sample. Despite the high level of support received by participants, we did not observe a significant positive association between MSPSS and hypertension control and adherence to antihypertensives. This may be due to a tendency of parents not wanting to burden children with their health concerns.50 Also, nearly 33% of the participants were illiterate and their friends and family are likely similar. Even when support is available, a poorly educated social network may not be capable of imparting the informational support needed to adhere to treatment and thereby control hypertension.51

Another explanation to the discrepancy of our results with other studies might be differences in individual and cultural characteristics. A large proportion of unemployed individuals may have skewed our sample towards a higher level of social support. People value financial support and therefore financially dependent individuals may report receiving high support. Also, the threshold for expected support may vary between different societies, for example in a patriarchal society like Nepal, women as primary care takers in the family may have a lower threshold of social support, whereas elderly men who command more respect in society may have a higher threshold.

We found a numerically higher prevalence of controlled hypertension among those receiving moderate support from friends but not those receiving higher support. A possible explanation might be that those receiving higher support spend longer time with friends and are thereby more exposed to peer pressure for unhealthy behaviour which was indicated as a barrier for effective control of blood pressure in our formative study in the same population.52 Reverse causation can also not be ruled out, as those with poorly controlled blood pressure may be receiving higher support from friends.

Strengths and Limitations

Our study adds to the sparse literature examining this association using validated instruments such as MSPSS and MMAS-8. We recruited hypertension patients from the community (not hospital) ensuring a representative sample. Since the outcome of interest (controlled hypertension and good adherence to antihypertensives) was common (larger than 10%), we fitted a modified Poisson regression model which gives a better approximation of the risk than overestimated odds ratio.53 This study is not without limitations. The cross-sectional design may have masked the true association between social support and controlled hypertension, as it is possible that individuals with uncontrolled hypertension or with poor adherence were receiving more support. Given the numerous statistical tests we conducted, it is essential to interpret any significant findings with caution to mitigate the risk of drawing false-positive conclusions. The findings are based on data from one urban municipality, which might limit the generalizability of our findings to the general hypertensive population in Nepal. Social support as a construct would be better explored using a mixed-method approach as the MSPSS tool does not capture the type of social support received.49 The reliance on self-reported data on medication and social support may have resulted in recall bias skewing the data in the direction of social desirability leading to over-estimated adherence and social support.

Conclusion

This study shows that hypertensive patients in Nepal in general have good social support.

However, social support was not foremost for medication adherence and control of hypertension. Future interventions for example digital technologies that facilitate remote monitoring and communication with care providers54 should nurture the high level of social support received by the hypertension patients. However, contextual studies to delineate the mechanisms through which social support can augment adherence to treatment, healthy behaviour, routine monitoring, and follow-up for hypertension management are needed for social support to have precedence in future interventions for hypertension patients.

Abbreviations

CVDs, Cardiovascular diseases; DAG, Directed acyclic graph; METs, Metabolic equivalents of task; MMAS, Morisky medication adherence scale; MSPSS, Multidimensional scale of perceived social support.

Data Sharing Statement

Data cannot be shared publicly for ethical reasons but are available on reasonable request to Ms Sanju Bhattarai and Dr Abhijit Sen.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all the participants in the study. We would like to thank field researchers Ms Apsara Basnet, Ms Geeta Tripathi, Ms Pema Tamang, Ms Prasoon Pandey, Mr Kishore Adhikari, Ms Sarita Bhandari, Ms Supriya Kharel.

The MMAS-8 Scale, content, name, and trademarks are protected by US copyright and trademark laws. Permission for use of the scale and its coding is required. A license agreement is available from MMAR, LLC., www.moriskyscale.com.

Funding

This work was supported by Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Project number 981023100).

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this work.

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Source

These ‘Giants of Global Africa’ give the lie to negative stereotyping of Africans

‘Global Africa” is a term popularised by the late Kenyan scholar Ali Mazrui and used to refer to African diasporas of enslavement and colonialism, covering the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe and the Indian Ocean.

My recently published Global Africa: Profiles in Courage, Creativity and Cruelty (Jacana) consists of 100 essays, written over the past three post-apartheid decades. They cover historical and political figures, technocrats, activists, writers, public intellectuals, music and film artists and sporting figures.

The essays seek to capture the zeitgeist of the post-apartheid era, arguing that Africa’s liberation struggles were mirrored by similar anti-colonial battles in the Caribbean as well as the American civil rights movement.

The book examines three historical figures: Cecil Rhodes, Mahatma Gandhi and Woodrow Wilson.

Rhodes was the greatest symbol of imperialism during the late 19th century, plundering Africa’s riches by often brutal means while expanding British colonial territory.

Wilson was the US president from 1913 to 1921. His supposedly “liberal” foreign policy entailed imperial “gunboat diplomacy” in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Gandhi has been widely lauded for his role in the liberation of the colonial world. His many racist utterances during his 21 years in South Africa (1893-1914) have, however, recently tarnished his legacy in Africa and beyond.

The book also provides kaleidoscopic profiles of 18 African and eight Western political figures: Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah and two of South Africa’s Nobel peace laureates, Albert Luthuli and Nelson Mandela, as well as Thabo Mbeki, were all actively involved in Africa’s liberation movement as Prophets of the Pan-African Pantheon.

Mbeki was the heir of Nkrumah, with both acting as philosopher-kings seeking to craft a visionary pan-African foreign policy. Zambia’s Kenneth Kaunda and Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe both contributed greatly to the liberation of southern Africa, but instituted autocratic rule and oversaw catastrophic economic policies. FW de Klerk ruled an undemocratic apartheid state, but embarked on peacemaking with fellow Nobel laureate, Mandela, to usher in democratic rule.

Nigeria’s Olusegun Obasanjo and Ghana’s Jerry Rawlings were autocratic military rulers before becoming elected civilians, though Rawlings remained more popular among his citizens.

South Africa’s Jacob Zuma – dogged by allegations of graft – had a similar cunning “native intelligence” to Obasanjo’s, while controversial Nobel peace laureate, Liberian president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (who had funded Liberian warlord Charles Taylor during the country’s civil war in the 1990s), was a technocrat politician.

Ethiopia’s Meles Zenawi and Nobel peace laureate Abiy Ahmed both ruled as strong-fisted, intellectual freedom fighters. Zaire’s Western-backed Mobutu Sese Seko’s 31-year rule brought about the very chaos he had repeatedly argued that only he could prevent.

Uganda’s Idi Amin and Kenya’s Daniel arap Moi oversaw tyrannical regimes, mirrored by Rwanda’s Paul Kagame. Libya’s mercurial Muammar Gaddafi suffered from monarchical delusions of grandeur, while promoting a quixotic pan-Africanism.

US Democratic presidents – Bill Clinton and Kenyan-Kansan Nobel peace laureate Barack Obama – were both intelligent, charismatic but ultimately cynical leaders who, respectively, oversaw the forced withdrawal of UN peacekeepers from Rwanda at the height of the 1994 genocide, and the extended militarisation of Africa by the US military in the 2010s. 

American president Donald Trump, British prime ministers Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair and Boris Johnson, and French president Nicolas Sarkozy all expressed prejudiced thinking towards Africa. The legacies of two US secretaries of state – Colin Powell and Madeleine Albright – are also assessed.

The perspectives, personalities and performance of 14 global technocrats are then examined: Egypt’s Boutros Boutros-Ghali; Ghana’s Nobel peace laureate Kofi Annan; Nigeria’s Adebayo Adedeji, Ibrahim Gambari, Margaret Vogt, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Eloho Otobo; Algeria’s Lakhdar Brahimi; Tanzania’s Augustine Mahiga; South Africa’s Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma, Naledi Pandor and Mamphela Ramphele; Argentina’s Raúl Prebisch; and France’s Jean Monnet.

I then turn to the legacies of seven activists from Global Africa: American civil rights stalwarts, Nobel peace laureate Martin Luther King Jr and John Lewis; Kenyan environmental  campaigner Wangari Maathai and her Congolese fellow Nobel laureate, anti-sexual violence campaigner Denis Mukwege (who unsuccessfully ran for his country’s presidency last year); martyred Nigerian environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa; and two martyred South Africans, Ruth First and Solomon Mahlangu.

Two Europeans are highlighted who contributed to Africa’s political (Tor Sellström) and journalistic (Kaye Whiteman) struggles.

I then analyse the rich diversity of African literature, starting with the influence of 19th-century British writer Charles Dickens on the continent’s writers, before profiling Nigeria’s Chinua Achebe, Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka, Buchi Emecheta and John Pepper Clark, as well as America’s James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, Nobel laureate Toni Morrison and bell hooks.

Ten public intellectuals are then showcased who pioneered Africa’s Triple Heritage (Kenya’s Ali Mazrui); Post-Colonial Studies (Palestinian American Edward Said); Négritude Literary Criticism (Nigeria’s Abiola Irele); Post-Colonial African Literary Criticism (Kenya’s Chris Wanjala); the Political Economy of Rebel Movements in Africa (Malawian-Swede Thandika Mkandawire); the Politics of Rural Societies in Africa (Nigeria’s Raufu Mustapha); America’s Prison Industrial Complex (African-American Angela Davis); and the Struggles for Global Reparations (America’s Randall Robinson, Barbadian Hilary Beckles and Nigeria’s Ade Ajayi).

I examine the legacies of seven artistes: Iconoclastic, anti-establishment rebels, Nigeria’s Fela Aníkúlápó Kuti and Jamaica’s Bob Marley; American multiple Grammy-winning superstar Michael Jackson; Bahamian American Oscar-winning actor Sidney Poitier; Nigerian-British Oscar-nominated actress Cynthia Erivo; and Nigerian Grammy-winning Burna Boy and his songbird compatriot, Asa.  

I conclude by assessing the legacies of 21 of the greatest sporting figures in history: Three-time African-American world boxing heavyweight champion and civil rights campaigner Muhammad Ali; Afro-Brazilian three-time World Cup winner Pelé; Mozambican-born European footballer of the year Eusébio; Argentinian World Cup-winning captain Diego Maradona; Africa’s only Ballon d’Or winner, Liberia’s George Weah; five African players of the year: Cameroon’s Samuel Eto’o, Ivorian Didier Drogba, Egypt’s Mohamed Salah, Senegal’s Sadio Mané and Gabon’s Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang; the all-conquering anti-apartheid West Indian cricket team of Viv Richards, Clive Lloyd, Michael Holding and Joel Garner; American quadruple Olympic gold medal sprinter Jesse Owens; rugby’s first global superstar, New Zealand’s Jonah Lomu; Spanish tennis phenomenon Rafael Nadal; Nigerian American two-time NBA (National Basketball Association) champion Hakeem Olajuwon; and my late businessman father and sports administrator Israel Adebajo.

With negative stereotyping and widespread Afrophobic views of the continent and its diaspora still so rife in the Western imagination and media, it is critical to counter these views through these giants of Global Africa. DM

Source

ABCD Africa 100 Most Impactful Voices List (2nd Edition)

Released to mark 2024 International Women’s Day

ABCD Africa is proud to announce the release of the 2nd edition of the 100 Most Impactful Voices List to mark 2024 International Women’s Day. This list recognizes African female coaches, content creators, and community builders who leverage their voices and digital content as tools for impact.

In a world grappling with unprecedented challenges ranging from climate crises to systemic injustices, the voices of women are more crucial than ever. 

Through the 100 Most Impactful Voices list, we shine a spotlight on women who harness the power of digital platforms to address these pressing issues head-on. 

They are the architects of transformation, leveraging their voices to dismantle barriers, challenge norms, and uplift communities across various digital platforms, including Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, TikTok, Netflix, Podcasts and Blogs.

“We are thrilled to unveil the 100 Most Impactful Voices in Africa and amplify their contribution. We hope that this list inspires other women to use their voices, create impactful content, and shape conversations that contribute to the development of a more equitable and inclusive society,’’ says Joke Pearl Oyebamiji, Founder of  ABCD Africa.

The selection process was rigorous and thorough, with nominations received from digital experts and the general public. The finalists were evaluated based on their creativity, impact, authenticity, and engagement.

Here they are (This list is in no particular order):

Click HERE to download the full magazine.

  1. Dr. Oby Ezekwesili 🇳🇬 

Economic and Human Capital Policy Expert, Good Governance Champion

Dr. Oby Ezekwesili is an eminent figure in Nigeria, renowned for her expertise in economic policy, advocacy for transparency, and commitment to good governance and human capital development. A former vice president at the World Bank, she has championed initiatives like #BringBackOurGirls, lending her voice to pressing issues and driving crucial conversations through her social media platforms where she has over 1.4 million followers.

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  1. Yemisi Adegoke 🇳🇬 

Senior Reporter, BBC

Yemisi Adegoke, a former CNN Africa journalist and current BBC Africa reporter, has garnered acclaim for her incisive journalism. With a focus on addressing misinformation, she engages audiences with thought-provoking storytelling that raises awareness and sparks dialogue about pressing issues in Africa.

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3.Dr. Addy Olubamiji 🇺🇸 

EdTech Pioneer & Founder at D-Tech Centrix Inc

Dr. Addy Olubamiji, is the CEO of D-Tech Centric Ltd. and Founder of STEMHub Foundation Canada, where she champions STEM education and empowerment for youths and immigrants through training programs and digital content. 

A Nigerian-American technologist and pioneer in metal and plastic additive manufacturing, she broke barriers by becoming the first Black person to obtain a PhD in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Saskatchewan. 

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4.Nozipho Tshabalala 🇿🇦 

Conversation Strategist 

Nozipho Tshabalala, a renowned conversation strategist and award-winning financial markets broadcaster, excels in moderating global conversations for measurable outcomes. With courage and insight, she navigates difficult discussions for leading global institutions, listed multinational corporations, and civil society organizations.

As an executive director at LRMG and a faculty member for Duke Corporate Education, Nozipho is committed to leveraging conversations for transformative change in Africa and beyond.

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5.Stella Ndekile 🇳🇬 

Founder/CEO, Nuban Beauty Ltd

Stella Ndekile, a visionary serial entrepreneur, host of « Walk with Stella » show, and author of “Success Uncharted,” leads Nuban Beauty Ltd, a premier cosmetic brand catering to African skin tones. 

With over a decade of experience in business development and cosmetics, Stella empowers individuals to feel confident through her premium beauty products and impactful digital content.

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6.Chinyere Okorocha 🇳🇬 

Chairperson, Nigerian Bar Association Women Forum

Chinyere Okorocha, Chairperson of the Nigerian Bar Association Women Forum, is a distinguished IP and medico-legal lawyer.

Passionate about empowering female professionals, she founded the Heels & Ladders Career Mentorship Club, providing invaluable guidance for career advancement through her digital content and programs. 

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7.Fatma Said Kauga 🇹🇿 

Executive Director, Doyenne Tanzania

Fatma Said Kauga is the visionary Founder and Executive Director of Doyenne Organization, dedicated to nurturing the next generation of female leaders in Tanzania. 

Recognized as a Gratitude Network Fellow and a Perennial Leadership Fellow, Fatma is committed to empowering youth and women to drive sustainable change through various initiatives and digital content.

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8.Esther Ijewere Nigeria 🇳🇬 

Media Strategist, Founder – Women of Rubies

Esther Ijewere, a renowned media strategist and author, is the Founder of Women of Rubies, championing women’s rights and empowerment. Recognized for her impactful advocacy, Esther’s work has earned prestigious awards and accolades, including the Women Enterprise Award from Vital Voices International.

Through her platforms and initiatives, Esther inspires positive change and celebrates individuals making a difference.

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  1. Nana Agyemang 🇬🇭 

CEO/Founder – EveryStylishGirl, Multimedia Journalist

Nana Agyemang is a multimedia journalist, creative strategist, and writer known for her impactful work with The Cut, Refinery29, ELLE Magazine, New York Times, and BBC News.

As the founder of EveryStylishGirl, she champions diversity and empowerment in fashion and media, creating a vibrant community that amplifies the voices of women of color and advances opportunities in the industry.

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  1. Dr Chinasa Amadi 🇳🇬 

Int’l Board Certified Lifestyle Medicine Physician

Dr. Chinasa Amadi, a Russian-trained Medical Doctor and Board Certified Lifestyle Medicine Physician, champions holistic healthcare in Africa.

Founder of Ariella Health and Fitness Ltd, she empowers communities through Africa’s first Digital Lifestyle Medicine Practice, offering CPD accredited health coaching courses and reaching thousands worldwide with her digital content.

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  1. Toyin Oluwafimidara Poju-Oyemade 🇳🇬 

Producer & Documentary Filmmaker at StoryTeller Media Global

Toyin Poju-Oyemade is a seasoned media professional with over 16 years of experience spanning radio, television, and documentary filmmaking.

As the founder of StoryTeller Media, she is dedicated to curating powerful conversations and showcasing the journeys of everyday people. With a passion for storytelling, Toyin has collaborated with various organizations, producing qualitative documentaries that inspire and resonate.

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  1. Aisha Falke

Founder – Northern Hibiscus Community, Chairperson – Falke Group of Companies

Aisha Falke is a serial entrepreneur and visionary leader dedicated to empowering Northern Nigerian women and youth. As the Founder of Northern Hibiscus Community which has over half a million followers, she leverages her passion for storytelling and community building to drive positive change.

Through initiatives like the Northern Youth Summit and Edu-Kids Academy, she strives to tackle poverty and educational challenges in Northern Nigeria.

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  1. Lynn Ngugi

Media Personality, Youtuber

Lynn Ngugi, an award-winning journalist and YouTuber, is renowned for her captivating coverage of human interest and societal issues.

Transitioning from her role at Tuko to her self-titled YouTube show which has amassed over 850,000 subscribers, Lynn has garnered international acclaim for her impactful storytelling.

Recognized with prestigious awards like the BEFFTA Best International Media Personality and the Gender Justice Champion Award, she continues to inspire change through her advocacy.

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  1. Adedayo Tosin Olufemi 🇳🇬 

Founder, Newmumshub.com

Adedayo Tosin Olufemi, the visionary founder of Newmumshub.com, passionately advocates for new mothers through her online platform which boasts of over 130,000 followers.

New Mums Hub serves as a nurturing community, offering support and guidance to mothers embarking on the journey of motherhood. 

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  1. Reni Odetoyinbo 🇨🇦 

Content Creator, Marketing Consultant & Finance Educator 

Reni Odetoyinbo, a Canadian-Nigerian blogger, empowers women worldwide through her transformative resources on financial literacy and lifestyle tips. 

Recognized by YouTube as part of the prestigious #YouTubeBlack Voices Class of 2022, Reni’s engaging video content inspires women to take control of their financial futures and pursue their professional aspirations.

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  1. Iquo Ukoh 🇳🇬 

Culinary Expert, Author & Podcaster

Iquo Ukoh, a Nigerian food expert, consultant, and podcaster, celebrates the richness of Nigerian cuisine through her blog, 1Q Food Platter. Her cookbook, “Memories on a Platter,” documents her culinary journey and promotes Nigerian identity through food.

Iquo’s irresistible presentations and delicious recipes educate and inspire food lovers while reflecting her commitment to preserving Nigerian culture.

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  1. Aissata Sidibe 🇨🇮 

Founder – Afrique Femme, Founder – Yelenba Women in Action 

Aissata Sidibe N’Dia is the President and founding member of Yelenba-Women in Action, an NGO dedicated to empowering women and raising awareness among young girls in Ivory Coast.

With over 18 years of experience in communications and an MBA from the University of Maryland, USA, she founded the Afrique Femme platform, which has over 150,000 followers. Aissata champions African women leaders through her show, African Woman 2.0.

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  1. Chinny Ononuju-McErnest 🇳🇬 

Founder – The Women International 

Chinny Ononuju-McErnest is the Founder of The Women International (TWI), where she leads a global movement empowering women through various initiatives and digital content across multiple countries.

Chinny’s marketing expertise, showcased at W Agency, is utilized to amplify the impact of renowned foundations and NGOs, driving societal change.

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  1. Ogheneyonreme Karika 🇳🇬 

Global Community builder

Ogheneyonreme Karika is a Networking and People Strategy Expert. Karika educates thousands of entrepreneurs and professionals globally through her social media platforms on personal branding and networking, accelerating their careers and business visibility.

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  1. Ife Durosinmi-Etti 🇳🇬 

Founder, Hereconomy

Ife Durosinmi-Etti, founder of Herconomy, is dedicated to empowering women in business through funding, mentorship, training programs, and impactful digital content.

Herconomy provides a platform for women to connect, save money, and access opportunities, aiming to address the challenges of funding and self-development faced by women.

Ife’s passion for women’s empowerment has led to impactful initiatives and partnerships with global organizations like Amazon and Google.

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  1. Arian Simone 🇺🇸 

Co-Founder & CEO – Fearless Fund

Arian Simone is the Co-Founder and General Partner of Fearless Fund, the first VC fund by women of colour for women of colour. With over 17 years of entrepreneurial experience, she pioneers initiatives supporting Black women entrepreneurs.

Despite legal opposition, her work in economic empowerment and advocacy uplifts underrepresented founders, challenging systemic barriers to diversity, inclusion and economic empowerment.

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  1. Victoria James 🇳🇬 

Fashion Designer 

Victoria James, known as Veekee James, is an award-winning fashion designer, content creator, and social media influencer.  Her brand, Veekee James, inspires creativity and elegance globally with unique, custom-crafted pieces.

With over 1 million Instagram followers, she shares her faith through her gospel podcast – Bible Stories With VJ.

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  1. Shakirat (Ronke) Edoho 🇨🇦 

Recipe Developer, Founder – Atarefoods, Lose It Nigerian, Jollof Code

Ronke Edoho, a Nigerian-born Chartered Accountant and certified nutritionist, is the culinary genius behind 9jafoodie. Through her platform, Ronke celebrates Nigerian cuisine while promoting wellness through nutrition.

Her blog offers authentic recipes, cooking tips, and nutritional insights, empowering her audience to make healthier food choices and embrace the richness of Nigerian food culture.

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  1. Joycee Awosika 🇳🇬 

Founder/CEO, ORíKì Group

Joycee Awosika is a visionary entrepreneur known for building impactful global companies in wellness, manufacturing, and tech sectors. As Founder of ORiKi Group, she has expanded wellness spas across Africa. 

Leveraging her expertise, impactful digital content, and transformative programs, she empowers entrepreneurs with systems, structure and faith-based advisory. 

Featured in CNN, CNBC, and Ebony Magazine, Joycee’s leadership inspires women worldwide.

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  1. Hayet Rida 🇬🇭 

CEO/Creative Director, Khoi

Hayet Rida, a Ghanaian-born entrepreneur and influencer, is known for her resilience and creativity in the fashion and lifestyle industry. From founding luxury candle brand AÏYA CANDLE CO to launching her jewelry line, KHOI Studio, she’s a master of pivoting failures into success.

With a passion for empowering others, Hayet shares her life experiences openly, inspiring her followers to embrace confidence and self-love.

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  1. Haoma Worgwu 🇳🇬 

Linkedin Growth Expert 

Haoma Worgwu is an award-winning thought leader and LinkedIn expert, renowned for helping business owners and professionals maximize opportunities on the platform. Her impactful digital programs, including the “20 Days LinkedIn Growth Program,” have impacted thousands globally.

Recognized as one of the top LinkedIn creators in Nigeria, Haoma’s influence extends to global forums, earning her accolades from the United Nations and Goldman Sachs.

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  1. Adenike Adebayo-Esho 🇺🇸 

Actress, Director & Content Creator

Adenike Adebayo-Esho, a Nigerian-born actress, director, and storyteller, captivates audiences with her talent and dedication to storytelling.

Known for her roles in acclaimed productions like “Reach” and “Make It or Break It,” she brings depth and authenticity to each character.

Through her work, Adenike entertains, inspires, and sparks important conversations.

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  1. Dr. Tewa Onasanya 🇳🇬 

Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Founder – Exquisite Magazine

Dr. Tewa Onasanya, a British-Nigerian philanthropist, publisher and mindset stylist, is the visionary behind Exquisite Magazine and the ELOY Awards.

Through her platforms, initiatives and digital content, she celebrates excellence in fashion, beauty, and entertainment while promoting empowerment and self-confidence.

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  1. Claudia Lumor 🇬🇭 

UN Ambassador (UNFPA), Founder – Glitz Africa

Claudia Lumor, founder and editor-in-chief of Glitz Africa, has transformed the fashion landscape in West Africa through her influential lifestyle publication. As a UN (UNFPA) Ambassador for Ghana, Claudia is dedicated to promoting and telling inspiring African stories. Her innovative work has earned her numerous awards and accolades. 

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  1. Sola Adesakin 🇳🇬 

Finance & Wealth Coach, Founder – Smart Stewards

Sola Adesakin is a seasoned finance coach and chartered accountant. Through Smart Stewards Financial Advisory Limited in Nigeria and the USA, she has transformed lives financially across 40 countries, guiding people from financial stress to rest, from debt to wealth, and from mediocrity to an extraordinary life.

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  1. Claire Eniola Idera Nnani 🇳🇬 

Artist, Founder – CI Workshop & Cladini

Claire Idera Nnani is a versatile artist known for her delicate portrayals of the transformative journey of young black women. Her work, inspired by personal journals and introspection, explores themes of identity and growth through whimsical elements and vibrant colors.

With a background in architecture and fashion design, Claire also shares her creative expertise through teaching and authentic lifestyle content on her YouTube channel where she has amassed over 52,000 subscribers.

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  1. Candy Olatunji 🇳🇬 

Certified Health Coach, Weight Management Expert.

Candy Olatunji, a Certified Health Coach and Weight Management Expert, transforms lives by providing tailored guidance on maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

With over half a million followers across digital platforms, Candy educates on calories, metabolism, and simple fitness routines through ebooks and personalized coaching sessions. 

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  1. Hannah Kupoluyi 🇬🇧 

Founder – All Women’s Network, Podcast Host

Hannah Kupoluyi, founder and CEO of All Women’s Network, is a multi-award-winning business coach and advocate for women’s empowerment.

Through transformative initiatives like Discover Your Business Spark workshops, she empowers women to overcome challenges and thrive in business.

Hannah’s strategic use of impactful content, coupled with her dedication to women’s advancement, has earned her recognition as a UN Women delegate and numerous prestigious awards.

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  1. Dr. Inya Lawal 🇳🇬 

Social Entrepreneur, Founder – Africa Creative Market Global

Inya Lawal is a social entrepreneur and founder of Ascend Studios Foundation and the Africa Children’s Creative Network, dedicated to empowering women, youth, and nurturing creative skills in children.

She leads Ascend Studios, producing impactful  TV and feature content while consulting for brands. Inya’s leadership extends to international programs, board memberships, and receiving honors for her contributions to women’s leadership and global trade development.

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  1. Prophet Olabisi Adamu 🇳🇬 

Minister, Entrepreneur, Coach

Olabisi Adamu, founder of Ignite Nations Ministry, is a Prophet, Intercessor, and seasoned teacher of God’s word. With a passion for spiritual growth and business empowerment, she leads thousands in prayer daily and owns Pro Thirty One Designs, an interior design showroom in Abuja.

Through her ministry, businesses, digital content, and philanthropic initiatives, Olabisi ignites individuals to excel spiritually and prosper in all aspects of life.

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  1. Solafunmi Oyeneye 🇬🇧 

Founder – Wealth Motley

Solafunmi Oyeneye is a seasoned Media, Tech, and Entertainment Executive with over 15 years of experience. Passionate about financial empowerment, Solafunmi runs Wealth Motley, a platform dedicated to teaching financial literacy and wealth creation, reaching over 75,000 individuals.

As the VP of Business & Strategic Partnerships at Circo, she drives innovation in African storytelling. 

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  1. Titoluwa Sam-Oladapo 🇳🇬 

Christian Content Creator/ Influencer 

Titoluwa Sam-Oladapo, known as Titothewriter, is a writer, culture shaper, and advocate breaking the silence on vaginismus through her book “Pop My Cherry Now.” She shares her journey of living with and overcoming vaginismus, addressing stigma and sexual assault. 

Through her Instagram and YouTube, Tito discusses faith-led Christianity, emphasizing grace over condemnation and shattering sexual stigma in the gospel and society.

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  1. Pretty Amagbakhen United States 🇺🇸 

Licensed Mental Health Therapist 

Pretty Amagbakhen, a licensed mental health therapist and ADHD coach, courageously addresses mental health issues and dismantles stigma. With empathy and intuition, she offers invaluable support through her social media content, fostering a safe space for her audience to thrive. 

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  1. Yacine Diop Djibo 🇸🇳 

Founder & Executive Director – Speak Up Africa 

Yacine Diop Djibo, Founder of Speak Up Africa, is a leading voice in Africa’s public health landscape. Since 2011, her organization has tackled issues like malaria and sanitation, fostering collaboration with African leaders.

Yacine’s influence extends to multiple boards, including the RBM Partnership to End Malaria. 

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  1. Sola Allyson

Singer 🇳🇬 

Sola Allyson-Obaniyi, known as Shola Allyson, is a renowned Nigerian soul and folk singer-songwriter. She’s a voice coach and consultant, sharing her vulnerability and soulful storytelling to inspire personal growth and spiritual reflection.

Her music, including hits like “Eji Owuro” and “Obinrin Ni Mi,” blends traditional Yoruba folk with contemporary gospel. 

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  1. Tito Bez-Idakula 🇬🇧 

Writer, Author, Founder – My Lighthouse 

Bolatito Bez-Idakula, known as Tito, is the Founder of My Lighthouse, a faith-based blog. With a background in banking and a passion for sharing God’s love, she writes on self-identity, self-love, and honest motherhood stories. 

Through vulnerable narratives on social media, Tito aims to inspire healing, encourage deeper spiritual connections, and empower others to live their best lives.

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  1. Adetoke Oluwo 🇳🇬 

Founder – SGTC Clothing, Content Creator

Adetoke Oluwo is a dynamic TV producer, screenwriter, and Creative Director of the renowned Ankara ready-to-wear fashion brand, Sgtcclothing. From covering international fashion events to training entrepreneurs, Adetoke’s journey reflects her passion for both fashion and business.

Through her Instagram page where she reaches over 67,000 followers, she shares daily tips to uplift and empower others, while unashamedly expressing her love for Jesus.

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  1. Dizigbordi Kwaku 🇬🇭 

High-Performance Coach, Founder & CEO – DCG Consulting Group 

Dizigbordi Kwaku is a seasoned Business Leader with nearly three decades of experience in corporate America and Africa. As the Founder and Chief Strategist of The DCG Consulting Group, she specializes in personal development, professional growth, and talent development.

Through her professional work, training programs, and digital content, Dizigbordi is dedicated to empowering individuals and organizations to reach their full potential.

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  1. Maryam O. Belgore 🇳🇬 

Founder, Mob Foundation 

Maryam O. Belgore is a dedicated advocate for Youth & Girls Empowerment in Nigeria. Through her NGO, the Maryam Onikijipa Belgore Foundation, she tirelessly works to improve the lives of underprivileged youths & girls by providing access to education and essential supplies.

Through her talk-show, “Unraveling with Maryam,” she shares insights on life and gratitude.

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  1. Hauwa Ojeifo 🇳🇬 

Mental Health Advocate

Hauwa Ojeifo is a trailblazing advocate for mental health awareness and women’s rights in Nigeria. As the Executive Director of She Writes Woman, she empowers individuals with lived mental health experiences to share their stories, co-create solutions, and advocate for their rights.

Hauwa’s groundbreaking work has garnered international recognition, including prestigious awards from organizations like the Queen’s Young Leaders and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

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  1. Oluseye Yemisi Aderonke 🇳🇬 

Holistic Health & Nutrition Coach

Oluseye Yemisi Aderonke, fondly called DIBIA, is a Certified Holistic Nutrition Practitioner, Health Coach, and Naturopath. As the founder and CEO of FD Naturales & Essential Oils Ltd, she inspires wholeness in individuals through holistic health and wellness practices.

With a passion for natural alternatives, she has helped thousands regain their health through educational posts, holistic programs, and her authored books.

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  1. Aya Chebbi 🇹🇳 

Speaker, Founder – Nala Feminist Collective, I Am Nala Podcast 

Aya Chebbi, a Tunisian diplomat and passionate pan-African feminist activist, made history as the youngest senior official in the African Union’s history. 

Through various initiatives, storytelling and her podcast – I am Nala, she advocates for youth empowerment and the advancement of women’s rights. 

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  1. Ifeoma Chuks-Adizue 🇳🇬 

Commercial Director, Founder – Uncommon Woman Movement

Ifeoma Chuks-Adizue is a seasoned leader with over 18 years of experience driving growth in people and organizations across Africa.

As the Founder of the Uncommon Woman Movement, she empowers black career women to unleash their potential, achieve career success, and create impactful businesses through her transformative programs and digital content.

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  1. Habibah Waziri 🇳🇬 

MD, BGR Consulting

Habibah Waziri, a seasoned Human Capital Strategist and Business Solutions expert with nearly a decade of experience regularly shares her expertise through digital content, panels, keynotes, and workshops globally.

As the Managing Director/CEO of BGR Consulting Ltd, she implements human capital development programs and business growth strategies across Africa.

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  1. Irene Kiwia 🇹🇿 

Tech Entrepreneur, Women & Youth Proponent 

Irene Kiwia is a seasoned entrepreneur with over 17 years of experience in media, marketing communications, and technology. As the Founder of Adanian Labs, Twaa, eCOBbA, and The Africa Blockchain Center, she is dedicated to empowering women and youth across Africa.

Irene’s innovative digital content & impact tech platforms aim to provide access to finance, communities, and capacity building, driving wealth creation for women in Africa.

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  1. Blessing Oyeleye Adesiyan 🇳🇬 

Founder – Mother Honestly

Blessing Oyeleye Adesiyan is a leading voice, recognized for her pioneering work in building robust care infrastructure for today’s workforce. As the Founder & CEO of Mother Honestly and Caring Africa, she leads initiatives aimed at advancing workplace equity globally through her programs, offerings, and digital content. 

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  1. Yeside Olayinka-Agbola 🇳🇬 

Intimacy Coordinator/Director for Tv & Film

Yeside Olayinka-Agbola, also known as ‘Olori Coitus,’ is a certified sexual and reproductive health educator and intimacy expert. Through her enterprise, Olori Coitus, she challenges taboos around sex in Nigeria, providing sexual health education and coaching to individuals and couples.

As the host of the Olori Coitus Podcast, she explores relationships, sex, pleasure, and intimacy, empowering listeners with knowledge they wish they had growing up.

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  1. Marieme Jamme 🇬🇧 

Founder – iamtheCODE

Mariéme Jamme, a Senegalese-born French-British Technologist and Young Global Leader, is the CEO of Spotone Global Solutions and founder of iamtheCODE. 

Through iamtheCODE, she mobilizes global support to empower 1 million girls in STEAMD education by 2030. 

Mariéme’s inspirational podcast and Instagram series blend Japanese and African philosophies to bring joy and purpose to her audience, while her advocacy for marginalized communities resonates worldwide.

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  1. Ndidi Nwuneli 🇳🇬 

President – ONE Campaign, Founder – LEAP Africa

Ndidi Nwuneli is an expert on African agriculture, entrepreneurship, and youth development. As the co-founder of AACE Foods & Sahel Consulting, she works to improve nutrition in Africa. Recognized globally, she serves on several boards and is committed to changing narratives about Africa through food.

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  1. Uche Pedro 🇳🇬 

CEO – Bella Naija

Uche Pedro is the visionary founder of BellaNaija, Africa’s foremost lifestyle and advocacy digital media company. With over 12 million active users, BellaNaija has revolutionized creative industries across Africa.

Uche’s influence extends beyond media, as she champions positive change through initiatives like #BNDoGood. Recognized as one of Africa’s most powerful women by Forbes, Uche is dedicated to fostering progress for Africa’s emerging generations.

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  1. Rorisang Thandekiso 🇿🇦 

Presenter, Content Producer, Speaker

Rorisang “Rori” Thandekiso is a versatile South African talent, renowned as an actress, musician, and presenter. As the lead vocalist of MuzArt and a former YOTV presenter, she has left an indelible mark on South Africa’s entertainment landscape.

With acting roles in popular TV shows, hosting gigs on prominent platforms like Mzansi Insider, and her digital content, Rori engages her over 400,000 followers with her bubbly personality and unwavering dedication to youth advocacy.

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  1. Temilade S. Olanrewaju 🇳🇬 

Climate Education & Communications Expert

Temilade Salami Olanrewaju is a Climate Education and Communications Expert, dedicated to driving environmental change in Nigeria. As the Executive Director of “EcoChampions”, she leads initiatives in climate education, tree planting, and plastic waste management.

Through her digital content, books and poetry, she creatively advocates for environmental consciousness and self realization.

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  1. Abolanle Matel-Okoh 🇳🇬 

CEO – BMO Advisory Services, Executive Coach

Bola Matel-Okoh is a seasoned attorney and Non-Executive Director with over 30 years of legal experience. As the Lead Coach and Founder of BMO Advisory Services and The Women’s Lifestyle Hub, she empowers executive women to achieve personal and professional excellence.

Through her transformational programs and digital content, she guides women to unlock their full potential.

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  1. Entle Mmipi 🇧🇼 

Founder, Finpowerment Botswana

Entle Mmipi is the founder of Finpowerment Botswana, which aims to impact the youth with financial literacy and entrepreneurship skills through age-appropriate and interactive methods, as a way to assist in alleviating poverty and unemployment in Botswana.  

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  1. Banke Fasominu 🇳🇬 

Product Designer, CEO – Oludidit

Banke Fasominu is the CEO and Creative Director of Oludidit, a renowned creative enterprise specializing in arts and crafts. With a passion for blending African and Western elements, she transforms imaginations into tangible products, from interior decor accessories to stationeries.

Banke also shares her wisdom through her video series “Dear Young Lady,” offering authentic life advice distilled from her own experiences.

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  1. Dr. Yetunde A. Omede 🇺🇸 

Professor of Global Affairs & Politics 

Dr. Yetunde A. Omede, Ph.D., is a professor at Farmingdale State College and Director of Community and Civic Engagement. A Fulbright Specialist Scholar, she champions good governance and global ethics.

Her work spans academia, policymaking, and humanitarian efforts, earning her numerous awards, including induction into Rutgers University’s African-American Hall of Fame. As a global speaker and author, Dr. Yetunde empowers youth and women worldwide to effect positive change.

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  1. Hilary Rodriguez-Taiwo 🇳🇬 

UK Certified Cosmetics Scientist 

Hilary Rodriguez-Taiwo, a Nigerian Cosmetic Scientist, brings science to skincare. With a BSc in Cosmetic Science, she’s formulated for Procter and Gamble and consulted for brands like Lancôme and Chanel.

As founder of Hilary Says, she champions quality beauty products for all skin types. Her platform offers research-driven advice, empowering individuals to make informed skin care choices.

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  1. Mariama Khai Fornah 🇨🇲 

CEO, Hands of Hope Radio 100.5 FM

Mariama Khai Fornah is a seasoned journalist, gender activist, and visionary leader. With over 18 years of experience, she has reported on significant events, including the trials of former President Charles Taylor in The Hague.

As CEO of Hands of Hope Radio 100.5 FM, Sierra Leone’s first woman-owned radio station, she addresses critical issues such as livelihood, gender, governance, and education, aiming to inspire hope and resilience in communities.

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  1. Rajaatu Muhammed Ibrahim 🇳🇬 

Culinary Expert, Founder – Diary of a Northern Cook

Rajaatu Muhammed Ibrahim, popularly known as Chef Rajah, is the culinary genius behind the « Diary of a northern cook » brand which has amassed an impressive following of over 190,000 on instagram.

Chef Rajah shares her passion for cooking, lifestyle, and culture, providing a glimpse into her world through tantalizing recipes and engaging storytelling. 

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  1. Amanda Chenai Makombe 🇿🇼 

Founder, Kumbekumbe Arts Trust

Amanda Chenai Makombe is a versatile professional excelling in creative design, research, and project management. As the founder of Kumbekumbe Arts Trust, she utilizes various art forms to engage, facilitate, and advocate for community issues, amplifying the voices of young people.

Amanda’s dedication to storytelling and creative expression empowers others and drives positive change in Zimbabwe.

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  1. Ada Ujaligwa 🇺🇸 

Fashion & Lifestyle Blogger

Ada Ujaligwa is a Nigerian-born digital creator, community builder, and lifestyle influencer. Through her Facebook platform where she reaches over 167,000 followers, she shares insights and tips on health, style, fashion, beauty, skincare, and travel.

Her engaging posts and authentic approach make her a trusted voice in the fashion and lifestyle community, impacting lives and fostering a sense of empowerment among her followers.

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  1. Angella Summer Namubiru 🇺🇬 

Director and Co-Founder – Blacare 

Angella Summer Namubiru, East Africa’s most-followed TickToker with over 6.2 million followers, engages her audience with her vibrant personality and empowering content. Proud of her dark skin, she uses her platform to advocate for social issues like the dangers of skin bleaching and equal rights for women and children. 

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  1. Bisi OlaSoetan 🇬🇧 

Marriage Coach, Founder – Secret Place Wife Community

Bisi Ola Soetan is on a mission to help couples achieve beautiful marriages, God’s way. With expertise in pre-marital and marital counseling, she shares invaluable insights and practical tips for building healthy relationships via her Instagram platform where she reaches over 165,000 followers.

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  1. Dr. Yvonne Ofodile 🇳🇬 

MD- Zetile Oil and Gas, Founder – 360 Woman Africa

Yvonne Ofodile, MD of Zetile Oil and Gas and Founder of 360 Woman Africa, is a leading advocate for women’s entrepreneurship in Nigeria. With over a decade of experience in oil and gas, she empowers women through her digital content and transformational coaching programs.

Yvonne’s impact extends beyond business as she mentors aspiring women entrepreneurs through platforms like the Academy of Women Entrepreneurs. 

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  1. Fatima Beyina-Moussa

CEO – ECAir, President of The African Education Foundation (AEF)

Fatima Beyina-Moussa is a trailblazing leader in African aviation, renowned as the CEO of ECAir, the national airline of the Republic of Congo.

Additionally, Beyina-Moussa serves as President of the African Education Foundation, demonstrating her commitment to advancing education and socioeconomic development in Africa. 

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  1. Adenike Oyetunde-Lawal 🇳🇬 

General Manager of the Lagos State Office for Disability Affairs.

Adenike Oyetunde-Lawal is a multifaceted professional, radio host, lawyer, and  life coach. As the founder of Amputees United Initiative and The Gratitude Hub, she empowers persons with disabilities and fosters gratitude through her initiatives and digital content.

She currently serves as the General Manager of the Lagos State Office for Disability Affairs.

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  1. Lumbiwe Lulu Limbikani 🇿🇲 

Founder, Cumacatu

Lulu Limbikani, co-founder of Cumacatu, champions girls’ and women’s empowerment in Zambia. Through education and training sessions, Cumacatu provides back-to-school support and fosters basic financial literacy and farming skills.

Lulu’s commitment to education and technology integration in the classroom drives her advocacy for lifelong learning and gender empowerment.

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  1. Ella Chioma Ezeadilieje, PhD 🇳🇬 

Story Teller

Ella Chioma Ezeadilieje, a seasoned storyteller, helps businesses craft compelling narratives to enhance brand engagement. Through her digital content, ebooks, and live training, she empowers brands to connect with their audience on a deeper level, impacting lives and forging stronger connections in the process.

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  1. Rebecca Enonchong 🇨🇲 

Founder and CEO AppsTech

Rebecca Enonchong, a pioneering tech entrepreneur from Cameroon, founded AppsTech, a global enterprise applications provider. Recognized by the World Economic Forum and Forbes, she’s celebrated for her advocacy in promoting technology in Africa.

Enonchong’s Twitter presence as @Africatechie has garnered over 200,000 followers, establishing her as a leading voice in African tech circles. 

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  1. Dr Anino Emuwa 🇳🇬 

Founder – 100 Women @Davos, Global Women’s Leadership Expert

Dr. Anino Emuwa, an internationally recognized management consultant, leads the innovative Avandis Consulting, shaping entrepreneurial ecosystems at the nexus of innovation, finance, and human capital development.

A fervent advocate for gender balance, she spearheads global initiatives like Women@Davos and the African Women CEOs Network. 

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  1. Ivy Wanjiru 🇰🇪 

Digital Creator, Financial Literacy Champion

Ivy Wanjiru Mugo, known as ‘Just Ivy Africa,’ is an acclaimed Digital Creator and Financial Literacy Champion. With her expertise as an Award-Winning Marketer, Ivy empowers individuals through her captivating content and investment insights.

Through ‘The Movers Society,’ she cultivates a vibrant community dedicated to financial enlightenment, personal growth, and enjoyment.

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  1. Folake Kehinde 🇳🇬 

Serial Entrepreneur, Business Coach

Folake Kehinde, popularly known as Folake Aya Akanni, is a serial entrepreneur and business coach, specializing in marketing and sponsored ads. Through her digital content and innovative training programs, she empowers business owners with the skills and tools to elevate their visibility and drive sales.

Her unique ability to break down complex business concepts into actionable ideas makes her platform stand out.

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  1. Kisiwaa Gyan 🇬🇭 

Youth Bridge Foundation Programs Officer

Eunice Kisiwaa Gyan is a multifaceted young professional, blending her diverse experiences in Human Resources, Diplomacy, compliance, and Media Relations with a strong social media presence, reaching audiences passionate about professional development and cultural enrichment. Notably, she holds a Masters degree in International Affairs and Diplomacy from the University of Ghana and a degree in Political Science from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). 

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  1. Chioma Ifeanyi-Eze 🇳🇬 

Accountant, Founder – Accounting Hub

Chioma Ifeanyi-Eze, a Chartered Accountant and entrepreneur, is dedicated to fostering sustainable growth in African SMEs. With over 11 years of experience in finance and business consulting, she founded AccountingHub in 2015 to provide virtual and retail tech-accounting services tailored to SMEs’ needs. 

Through her digital content and training programs, she has supported hundreds of thousands of entrepreneurs in Nigeria, reaching over 160,000 followers via Facebook.

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  1. Esther Amba Numaba Cobbah 🇬🇭 

Chief Executive Officer, Strategic Communications Africa Limited

Esther A.N. Cobbah is the CEO and Lead Communication Strategist of Stratcomm Africa Ltd., a top-tier marketing communication agency she founded. With over 35 years of experience in both local and international communications, Esther excels in developing comprehensive strategies utilizing diverse media channels.

Her pioneering work in establishing communication departments for organizations like GNPC and Chevron has left an indelible mark on Ghana’s corporate landscape.

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  1. Dr Kehinde Nwani 🇳🇬 

Social Reformer, Leadership Coach, CEO – Meadow Hall Group

Dr. Kehinde Nwani, CEO of Meadow Hall Group and astute educationist, is driven by her passion for leadership excellence.

With over 30 years of experience in building sustainable businesses, she empowers individuals and organizations with proven strategies to build a leadership pipeline for organizational continuity through her digital content and transformational programs.

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  1. Abir Ibrahim 🇸🇩 

Associate Director of Africa at the World Economic ForumAbir Ibrahim, a Sudanese-American development practitioner, serves as the Associate Director of Africa at the World Economic Forum in Geneva, Switzerland. With a background in public health and psychology, she has spearheaded impactful initiatives in social and economic development, gender mainstreaming, and global health. 

Abir’s mission-driven approach has led to significant contributions, from heading the Private Sector portfolio at UNICEF in Sudan to founding Inua Naturals Inc., empowering marginalized women farmers and artisans.

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  1. Toyosi Etim-Effiong Nigeria 

CEO – That Good Media

Toyosi Etim-Effiong, a distinguished media entrepreneur, spearheads That Good Media, promoting authentic African narratives globally. Recognized as one of Nigeria’s inspiring women by Leading Ladies Africa, she empowers aspiring media professionals through workshops, demonstrating her commitment to the growth of Nigeria’s creative sector.

Through her Instagram platform, she reaches over 200,000 followers, sharing inspiring faith-based narratives.

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  1. Elizabeth Wathuti 🇰🇪 

Environmentalist & Climate Activist

Elizabeth Wanjiru Wathuti, a Kenyan environmentalist and climate activist, founded the Green Generation Initiative to nurture young people’s love for nature and environmental consciousness. Through her initiative, she has planted 30,000 tree seedlings in Kenya, contributing significantly to environmental sustainability and raising awareness about climate change through her digital campaigns.

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  1. Madame Joyce 🇬🇧 

Media Influencer/Podcaster

Madame Joyce, a charismatic media influencer and podcast host of Nigerian descent, captivates audiences with her wit and humor. Co-hosting the podcast “Cocktails and Takeaways” on Apple and Spotify, she delves into human stories while sharing her love for cocktails.

With engaging content on Instagram, Tiktok and YouTube, where she has a combined following of over half a million, she entertains and inspires her followers.

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  1. Danièle Sassou Nguesso

Founder, SOUNGA Foundation

Danièle Sassou Nguesso, Founder of the SOUNGA Foundation, champions education and gender equality through initiatives like Le Petit Samaritain. Her impactful work resonates across Africa, earning her prestigious awards for fostering inclusivity and empowerment. 

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  1. Clara Chizoba Kronborg 🇪🇸 

Media & Social Entrepreneur,  Host – Women’s World Show

Clara Chizoba Kronborg is an international media & social entrepreneur, talk show host and creative director. As the host of Women’s World Show and a passionate advocate for diversity and inclusion, Clara has long championed the power of storytelling across various media platforms.

From captivating talk show episodes to visionary content creation and aspiring film productions, her commitment to sparking inspiration and fostering societal change shines through.

Clara Chizoba Kronborg is set to make history with a Guinness World Record attempt for the Longest Interviewing Marathon. The attempt will hold between March 8 and 10 2024, in Marbella, Spain.

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  1. Omolabake Matthew 🇳🇬 

Founder – Workingmumdiary

Omolabake Matthew, a Social Entrepreneur and Tech Opportunities Advocate, is the founder of Working Mums Diary, and co-founder of Nutrition4kidsng and MumsNTech. She has cultivated a supportive space where mothers can connect, share experiences, and seek guidance on their journey through parenthood.

Through her digital content and innovative programs, she empowers moms to upskill and advance their careers. 

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  1. Ineza Umuhoza 🇷🇼 

Eco-Feminist

Ineza Umuhoza Grace is an eco-feminist and climate activist. As the CEO of The Green Protector and co-founder of the Loss and Damage Youth Coalition, Ineza spearheads transformative efforts to combat climate crisis effects and empower vulnerable communities.

Through advocacy, education, and storytelling, she amplifies youth voices and demands justice for those affected by climate-related loss and damage. 

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  1. Toyin Onigbanjo 🇳🇬 

Founder/CEO, August Secrets

Toyin Onigbanjo is an award-winning child nutrition advocate and founder of August Secrets, a pioneering child nutrition company in Nigeria. Through her innovative cereals, best selling recipe book, and digital content, she aims to combat malnutrition and promote healthy eating habits among African children.

Toyin’s dedication to improving child nutrition has earned her recognition, including the prestigious Graca Machel Gender Lens Award.

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  1. Jessica Ufuoma 🇨🇦 

Travel Content Creator

Jessica Ufuoma, a Nigerian travel creator and influencer, shares her adventures with her dedicated community of over 200K followers. Through compelling content, she not only inspires others to explore the world. Passionate about travel representation, she aims to empower more people, especially women of color, to embark on their own journeys.

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  1. Iyore OV 🇨🇦 

Fashion Influencer

Iyore, a prominent Nigerian-born fashion influencer, captivates audiences with her impeccable sense of style and beauty. Through her vibrant and trend-setting content, she inspires her followers to embrace their individuality and express themselves confidently through fashion.

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  1. Rhodaline Nanah Animah 🇬🇭 

Founder, African YouTubers Hub

Rhodaline Nana Animah, Founder and Leader of African YouTubers Hub, is a visionary empowering content creators across Africa. Committed to nurturing creativity and fostering community, she offers vital resources, mentorship, and collaborative opportunities to YouTubers at every stage of their journey.

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  1. VANESSA NAKATE 🇺🇬 

Environmentalist, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador

Vanessa Nakate, a climate justice activist from Uganda, gained prominence in 2018 for raising awareness about the alarming rise in temperatures in her country. Her tireless activism and advocacy, and impactful digital content aim to combat climate change and promote environmental justice on a global scale.

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  1. Itiayo Ogunsanwo 🇳🇬 

Head Photographer at BOJ Studios

Itiayo Ogunsanwo is a talented photographer renowned for her expertise in concert, event, and portrait photography. As the Head Photographer at BOJ Studios, she leads a team of creatives in producing captivating imagery that tells compelling stories.

Through her Instagram platform, she regularly shares content creation tips to the delight of over 129,000 enthusiasts who currently follow her.

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  1. Pelumi Nubi 🇬🇧 

Travel content creator

Pelumi Nubi, is a travel content creator, and first Black woman to embark on a solo trip from London to Lagos. On Saturday, January 30th 2024, she embarked on a 2-month solo trip from London to Lagos. Starting from England, Ms Nubi will traverse 17 countries in two months and explore every city and country.

If successful, Ms Nubi will set a record and become the first black woman to drive from London to Lagos, but she said ‘the journey is not about breaking records.’ 

According to her, it is about showing the world that ‘impossible’ is just a word, especially when someone has enough grit and determination.

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  1. Dr. Joy Isa 🇳🇬 

President, Isa School of Education

Dr. Joy Isa, a seasoned educator and counselor, is dedicated to shaping the future of education in Africa. With extensive experience in international schools and educational leadership roles, she founded the Isa School of Education (ISED) to empower educational leaders across the continent.

As a sought-after facilitator and mentor, Dr. Isa also drives change through her counseling programs and digital content.

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  1. Kate Kallot 🇨🇫 

Founder & CEO – Amini

Kate Kallot, CEO and Founder of Amini, is pioneering innovative solutions to address the critical issue of data scarcity in Africa. Through her Nairobi-based startup, she harnesses satellite imaging and AI technology to collect and analyze environmental data at a granular level.

Her groundbreaking approach coupled with impactful storytelling empowers communities with actionable insights to tackle pressing environmental challenges, driving positive change for a sustainable future.

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  1. Zim Flores 🇺🇸 

Investor & Developer 

Zim Flores, born in Minnesota to Nigerian immigrants, is a serial entrepreneur known for founding the travel company – Travel Noire, which has been acquired by Blavity.  As the author of “Dare to Bloom,” she inspires new beginnings. Zim hosts “The Bloom Podcast” and offers faith-based advice through her Instagram platform where she has amassed a following of over 73,000.

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  1. Innocencia Ndembara 🇲🇼 

Software Engineer, Director Women in Tech Malawi

Innocencia Ndembara, a software engineer and Director of Women in Tech Malawi, is dedicated to empowering women in technology by providing platforms for skill development and job opportunities. 

Through collaborative networks and impactful storytelling, she advocates for equal recognition and opportunities for women in the tech industry

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ABOUT ABCD AFRICA

Abcd Africa is a growth marketing and education company that offers world-class online education programs, coaching, and agency services to growth-focused coaches and experts.

We are on a mission to make the voice of the wise be heard.

Contact

Hello@abcdafrica.co

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Special Thanks to Our Media Partners

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Martyrs: Do they really matter?

When we talk of martyrs to many the first thing that comes to mind is the Christians who died for their belief in Jesus Christ and Christianity, and closer to Africa, the martyrs of Uganda, to which most catholic and Anglican churches and establishments derives their names to signify the importance of the actions of the martyrs such as St Kizzito, Charles Lwangwa , St Luke, St Denis among others.

But who is a martyr? To put it simply a martyr is somebody who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to comply, obey, and follow what they really believed in or a moral particular cause. Further explanation states that it is a person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political or a believable just cause. These should not be confused with rebellion although to a smaller extent it may link.

…. Martyrdom can be described also as a politically and spiritually explosive performance, done or that happens to achieve a justifiable end.

The questions I would like to ask and try to answer is, do martyrs really matter, are they worthy really remembering, are they worthy to be put in the annuls of history. ? And by extension to the above questions do our own martyr’s closer home Malawi matter worth spending time and thinking about.

 I believe they matter. Take for example our own martyrs of Malawi, as 3rd March was declared a public holiday to remember them. In fact, one would wonder whether martyrs matter anymore and whether the day 3rd March is relevant after this long time?, since what the martyrs died for was their own choice, however going deep into the matter one would have a different opinion and surmise that the event should be used to address many more serious national issues and celebrated as a national event.

It should be noted from the outset that John Chilembwe and his uprising of 1915 is considered as the first Independence Martyr.

The Chilembwe uprising was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, who was educated in America and had seen black American way of life and their struggles. The uprising was based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in Chilazulo. It was centred on the black middle class and encouraged by grievances against the colonial system, including forced labour commonly known as Thangata, discrimination and the new demands on the indigenous population caused by the outbreak of World War I. It is recorded that 40 people were executed by the Police and many more arrested in the revolt aftermath.

Although the rebellion did not itself achieve lasting success, it is commonly cited as a watershed moment in Nyasaland history. The rebellion had lasting effects on the British system of administration in Nyasaland and some reform was enacted in its aftermath.

Today, the uprising of 1915 is celebrated annually and Chilembwe himself is considered a national hero and martyr. The climax of this discussion being the martyrs of 1959 mostly those who died in Nkhatabay.

Over the years Malawians have had different views on this day and issue (martyrs day) some positive for the day others negative, for example on 3rd March 2016 during an interview – Veteran Politician Robson Chirwa decried Martyrs Day’s loss of its significance.

“Well Kamuzu was a disciplinarian and he knew what this day meant to the Malawi nation … “My plea is that this day should be declared as a National Day of Mourning as it was the case … Very few can do that in the current political world.’  To this end he was simply signifying that martyrs do matter in society and Malawi in particular.

However, others have the view that it is a waste of time to remember the fallen martyrs, as they believe things could have changed anyway. (This category perhaps lacks details and a background why they the martyrs should matter ;).

Malawians had been living under oppression under laws that were against their favor as owners of the land and they started mobilizing themselves to seek justice and freedom.

In retaliation, the British Government  arrested Malawians “Operation Sunrise was the name given to a police and military action conducted by the authorities in the Central African country of Nyasaland (now known as Malawi) on March 3, 1959 to detain and intern 350 individuals who were considered a potential threat to law and order. Thirty-three innocent people lost their lives on this particular day and by 4th March several Malawians were arrested and detained.

The British government was calling for tolerance to which the people tolerated all they could but after some time they said enough was enough. Personally, I find it unreasonable for the British to expect from Malawians  tolerance and win win situations what they were entirely unwilling to give.

To further signify the importance of the martyrs, in 2015 third March, martyrs’ day was commemorated in Nkhata Bay district and the day was a Tuesday. To show that Malawi still considers the martyrs with a strong conviction and that they matter a call for, the then Malawi’s colonial master, Britain was asked to compensate 33 families whose relatives died after being massacred by colonial forces in Nkhata Bay district.

At a somber ceremony which was graced by Minister of Finance, Economic Planning and Development, late Dr. Goodall Gondwe as guest of honor, Nkhata Bay Central parliamentarian Ralph Mhone then  asked Britain to compensate the families of the deceased since it is their authorities then who commissioned the massacre of the 33 people.

“The 33 deceased families here are mourning year in and year out. As you all might be aware, in the process of killing their relatives, they created a lot of challenges to families because some of those killed were bread winners.

“It should also be borne in mind that apart from creating economic and social challenges to such families, the mere fact that they were innocently killed warrants compensation from those responsible,” said Mhone.

The parliamentarian further asked Malawi Government to take the MV Mpasa ship to Nkhata Bay district. The ship was used by colonial masters to detain the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) supporters on 3 March 1959, a situation which prompted a mob of Malawians to angrily call for their release and resultant massacre.

Efforts have been made or rather are still being made to make sure the martyrs are compensated for they died for a cause.

To this end Malawians of goodwill must feel that actions through death were necessary to their cause, furthering the truth and their sacrifices cannot be simply a private matter between themselves and their deity, but to the nation as a whole.

It is a fact that with the passing of time things do change and facts become twisted to suit a particular sect of society for their selfish ends but the fact still remains that the issues happened that qualify the victims to be martyrs and to be in the pages of the history of Malawi as issues that matter.

To know that they really matter perhaps we need to see it in the rights and privileges we enjoy today as a people of Malawi their self-belief shaped the course of the nation.

It should not be looked  upon as an occasion for complacent acquiescence that sits uneasily with martyrdom. Further to that, we need to see in the action of the  martyrs an opening up of the possibility of a deeper understanding of what peace and freedoms are, that peace and freedom are not inevitable, but often come at a cost and heavy price as paid by the 1915 uprising of Chilazulo and the 1959 massacre in Nkhatabay.

This is not only  a cost paid first and foremost by a God who loves us so much that he died for us on the cross, but is also paid by his followers who are prepared to follow in his steps, to offer up their lives to uphold the peace and freedom of their own consciences and so to protect the peace and freedom of ours. It is no dispute that their selfless act in making sure their voices were heard makes us proud and proud we must be.

In times of concord and merry making, at least some of us risk forgetting the martyrs in the sense that really matters, but in so doing we risk forgetting the cost that has been paid for our peace and freedom and so risk devaluing the peace and freedom we enjoy. We thank God for the grace of all martyrs, and let us celebrate our peace and our freedom with something of the gratitude that they deserve.

Further to that, to show that we care and that they matter, every year prayers remembering the martyrs are held and the day is a public holiday. Memorial pillars have been erected to signify the importance of the martyrs.

Did they die in vain, did they shed blood in vain? are we wasting out our energies in remembering them? Should we remember them as foot soldiers? In my view they did not die in vain. It is therefore important that they be remembered every year and perhaps a video documentary be done for future generations to understand what it was.

In conclusion, it is my considered view that the martyrs really matter as the events of March 1959 triggered the wheels of change. This should be noted that it was the last straw that broke the camel’s back as from that moment the colonial masters knew that there was no turning back discussions started of giving freedom to the owners of the land. This then means the martyrs did not die in vain.

The question is would we have done the same if we were in their shoes? Would we have continued to chicken out, or we would have sacrificed our lives for future generations?

By Stevie Kauka

The author is a Fellow of IPMM who writes on various topics in his own personal capacity

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The Pandemics of Mass Destruction: A Comparative Analysis of HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Introduction

Globally, humans have suffered, experienced, and endured deadly pestilences over the centuries. Historically, the worst pandemics ever recorded in the world include the 14th-century Black Death, the Spanish and Indian flu, HIV/AIDs, the plague, the various waves of Cholera, and Ebola,1–3 and the most recent novel coronavirus – SARs-CoV-2, commonly known as COVID-19.4 These among others have been a great threat to humanity from one generation to another, with their impact being massive loss of lives, economic losses, social and racial stigma among other health-related ills.1,2 Nonetheless, with credence to the inquisitive human mind, through science and technology, researchers and healthcare practitioners have tirelessly and effectively worked on vaccines and treatment plans to save lives.

This paper aims to compare selected aspects of the coronavirus and HIV/AIDS. It is beyond the scope of this paper to cover every aspect of these diseases. Therefore, our focus will be on the following components: their etiology and epidemiology; response and treatment; myths, misconceptions, and conspiracies associated with the two diseases; and their impact. From these aspects, we shall provide a candid discussion on the similarities and differences, and henceforth draw insightful lessons on how to prepare for and respond to pandemics in the future.

Before delving into the core issues, we briefly bring to the fore how these diseases unfolded into the global scene. On March the 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic, after the virus had spread to 114 countries, infecting more than 120,000 and killing over 4000 people worldwide.5–7 This was in the early days of the disease outbreak, but its imminent danger was being felt. This is because, as evidenced by international organization reports and eclectic research studies, viral infections were spreading too quickly, perhaps due to human movements and interactions across the globe.3,4,7 With the perceived or real danger of the disease, scientists and significant others were putting resources and knowledge together to move with speed to strategically mitigate the spread and counter the mushrooming of misinformation, and disinformation that had become rampant in social media, hampering public health efforts across the globe.4,7 An outbreak that was seen as one country’s (China) problem, like wildfires became a global health emergency and placed the world at a standstill for almost two years. By 22nd August 2023, COVID-19 was associated with over 769.77 million cases, and over 6.95 million deaths worldwide.4,8

As intimated earlier, COVID-19 like other pandemics is riddled with a myriad of myths and conspiracy theories. For instance, a study in Ethiopia reported that protection from the virus was placed on religiosity and the effectiveness of consuming some food items, being exposed to hot weather, using traditional medicine, and alcohol drinking.9 In addition to these, 36.9% of the respondents held false assurances that they were living far away from areas where COVID-19 was rampant, and no local cases were reported.9 Inarguably, this posed a danger of exposure to the virus by failing to adhere to the public health regulations. A quantitative study investigating the perceptions of respondents on various aspects of COVID-19 found the following;

the novel coronavirus is deadly (83.3%), hand sanitizers do kill the virus (67.5%), face mask offer protection against the virus (55.8%), drying the hands with a hand dryer helps to prevent the virus (44.2%), coronavirus affect only the elderly (95%), the virus can spread by mosquito bites (87.5%), antibiotics are effective for treatment (60%) and homemade remedies can cure the coronavirus. (54. 2%)10

These statistics indicate indeed that there was a sense of confusion, misinformation, and conspiracies about the disease, which we believe impacted either positively or negatively in responding to and managing of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The question of how some of these theories helped people to cope with the disease remains an opportunity for further research. It is of paramount importance to explore these misconceptions and keep the public fully educated and informed about the facts of a pandemic outbreak to protect themselves.

Comparatively, while the COVID-19 outbreak was first reported in China and illusionary perceived as a Chinese disease, HIV/AIDS is attributed to the African continent. Mythically, HIV/AIDS was perceived as a “black peril” and debates that Africans as a racial segmentation were more susceptible to the virus were part of public discourse for years.11–13 Just like COVID-19, the early years of the HIV/AIDs outbreak were characterized by denial, fear, confusion and high levels of ignorance, which were reflected in the inconsistent explanations about the origins and transmission of the disease, as demonstrated in other sections of this paper. Apparently, misconceptions about HIV transmission are still prevalent, despite significant efforts in creating public awareness, available medication, and scientific evidence about the epidemiology of the disease.14 Previous studies from, Kenya, South Africa, Ghana and Indonesia reported misconceptions such as HIV could be spread through mosquito bites, touching an infected person, a healthy-looking person cannot be HIV positive, HIV can be cured by having intercourse with a virgin, eating fresh vegetables, and making ancestral sacrifices.15–19 It is against this backdrop that, curious questions remain as to who or what is responsible for these pandemics’ outbreaks, how and why the public responds in the way they do, and how best can the public respond to future pandemics among others. This paper compares selected aspects of the two pandemics to understand the similarities and differences and draw insightful lessons on pandemic outbreaks to inform public healthcare interventions.

Problems Statement

The history of mankind has been confronted by unprecedented disasters including health-related pandemics. Pandemics in the past and even in the modern dispensation have massive effects on the human species. Recent pandemics such as Coronavirus and HIV/AIDS have caused millions of deaths,20 economic losses,7,21–23 societal disintegration and perfidious impacts on mental health.24,25 Moreover, these diseases create fear, uncertainty, stigma, and labelling among individuals, families, communities, and countries. A recent study revealed that people tend to avoid contact with individuals affected with COVID-19 (74.3%) or AIDS (59.0%), including their family members (70.4% for COVID-19 and 47.9% for AIDS).26 Irrefutably, the implications for the fear of contagion are avoidance, blame, and secondary discrimination, which may stifle the efforts by governments and the World Health Organization in combating the pandemics.

However, through significant scientific breakthroughs in terms of discovering and developing vaccines, and social measures such as quarantines, countries have been able to combat the spread of viruses, hence saving lives. However, despite these milestones, the COVID-19 pandemic has tested and challenged countries’ healthcare systems as well as administrative structures that are not yet holistically prepared and resourced to detect, predict, and control the spread of pandemics. Therefore, as alluded to by other researchers, there is a need to focus on developing better ways to prevent the emergence of new pandemics and creating a holistic response system around the globe.2

The public health messaging of pandemics is of paramount importance to effectively and efficiently respond to and manage the impacts of diseases. Research indicates that information on pandemics such as COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS are marred and muddled by misinformation, misconceptions, disinformation, conspiracies, and myths from different sources such as social media, all rendering the efforts to combat the disease less effective.7,26 A study by Olson and Nelson indicates some conspiracies about COVID-19 as being a group of elites using COVID-19 to gain power (new world order debate); the COVID-19 virus is not more contagious than the flu; the 5 G networks and technology being the cause of the disease; and that the virus was produced in a lab in Wuhan China among others.7

On the other hand, even after HIV/AIDS has been in the public domain for decades, the latest studies continue to show misconceptions and dominant myths about the disease.27,28 This is detrimental to the prevention and management programs towards the elimination of the virus. Therefore, demystifying misconceptions and mythical nuances about pandemics and epidemics is unequivocally vital in averting the health hazards to healthcare providers, the public, and loss of financial resources for any country. Thus, comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus, for instance, is fundamental for behavior change and uptake of recommendable healthcare services.

Materials and Methods

The origins and impacts of pandemics are multifaceted. For instance, HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus have economic, social, health, political, religious, and technological dimensions. This means to understand these aspects different research approaches such as quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods should be used.29–31 This paper adopted a discourse analysis, a sub-method of qualitative research to compare selected aspects between COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS pandemics. Although COVID-19 is a recent pandemic compared to HIV/AIDS, which spans close to half a century, the two diseases appear to have some interesting commonalities that prompt or motivate a research investigation. Through a literature search, no straightforward publications comparing the two pandemics were found; hence this paper seeks to address that gap. However, there is a plethora of literature on these pandemics, thus providing adequate information to conduct a comparative analysis. Notably, this is not a systematic review, but a discourse analysis of various literatures to inform discussions driving to a meaningful conclusion on the subject. The primary research paradigms informing this analysis are the pragmatism and interpretivism paradigms.29,31 These paradigms are critical in analyzing and understanding social issues from multiple lenses in social settings. This is useful in this paper that entails, the health, social, economic, and political dynamics of diseases.

The paper utilized journal articles published in the English language, from across the world. These articles used quantitative, qualitative, and review methods. These multiple methods provide confidence that the information reported in this paper is valid, verifiable, and reliable. The articles and other relevant information from credible organizations such as the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were searched using words and statements such as COVID −19; HIV, AIDS, myths about HIV, myths about COVID-19; vaccines on COVID-19; origin of COVID-19/HIV/AIDS, treatment, and management of HIV/AIDS/ COVID −19 etc. Google Scholar was the main source of these articles.

The analysis focused on comparing aspects such etiology and epidemiology of the pandemics, myths and conspiracies, response and treatment, and economic and social impacts among others. Unearthing the similarities and differences, either behavioral or medical, was imperative in drawing insightful and informative lessons on current and future preparedness for response and management of pandemics of mass destruction.

Limitations

This paper focused on comparing two pandemics whose lifespans are different in various contexts. The major limitation of this analysis is that it has not compared regions such as Africa, Asia, Europe, and America to indicate variations in the various aspects and impact of the diseases. Perhaps, such findings would indicate how different communities respond and manage outbreaks of pandemics. As such the findings are more inclined to the African contexts. Nonetheless, the findings are insightful on the impact and other characteristics of the pandemics across the globe.

Findings

Aetiology and Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS

It is important to understand the genesis of diseases and how they spread across populations. Such knowledge and understanding expedites their effective and efficient interventions. The term aetiology refers to the origin and causes of diseases or factors that predispose towards certain diseases; while epidemiology, on the other hand, focuses on public health issues, the appropriate responses, interventions, and solutions.3,32 The early cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in the 1980s in humans and were associated with a type of ape (Chimpanzee) in Central Africa, where people are believed to have encountered the animals through hunting in the late 1800s.3 This implies that the human socioeconomic activities of hunting and gathering wild fruits might have predisposed them to the chimpanzee’s simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which is believed to have mutated intoHIV.3 Notably, therefore, there are possibilities that people lived with virus for quite a long time before it was scientifically discovered.

HIV is mainly transmitted from person to person through blood or body fluids, sexual intercourse, and breastfeeding.20,33 HIV attacks the body’s immune system and progresses to AIDS if the immune system is severely weakened.20,33,34 As of the year 2022, 39 million people were living with HIV/AIDS, and over 40 million had died globally since the onset of the virus.20 Notably, the African continent has been hardly hit, with statistics indicating that 3.2% of the population was living with the virus in 2022.20,34 Perhaps, a sharp difference between HIV/AIDS and coronavirus is their gestation period, meaning the time it takes from inception to attain a full-blown status. HIV/AIDS has a longer gestation period of 7–10 years if no interception of ARVs occurs, while coronavirus has a very shorter gestation period of between 7–14 days. This means one can succumb to death after the 14th day from the time the virus got into one’s body.35

Etiology and Epidemiology of Coronavirus

Just like HIV/AIDS, the outbreak of COVID-19 is attributed to animals. The genesis of COVID-19 is believed to be a zoonotic transmission associated with animals such as bats and pangolins in a Chinese seafood market.36–38 Credible scientific evidence shows that bats and pangolins have a gene sequence like SARs-Cov-2 at 96.2% and 99% respectively.38 Therefore, these animals are strongly believed to be the source of coronavirus disease.39 The transmission, however, remains to be person-to-person accounting for the widespread of the disease across the globe in a short period.36,40

COVID-19 patients manifest clinical features such as fever, cough, fatigue, dyspnoea and conjunctivitis, to mention but a few, varying from asymptomatic to symptomatic.41–43 Other patients reported loss of senses such as taste and smell.44 Research shows that the mean incubation period of COVID-19 is three to nine days, with an asymptomatic period lasting for fourteen days.36,37 The clinical diagnosis includes physical examination, nucleic acid detection, and CT imaging among others (Ullah et al, 2021).

The Myths and Conspiracy Theories on HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 Pandemics

Myths consist of narratives that influence people’s everyday lives. Myths are usually endorsed or dispelled by political leaders, community rulers, and religious personalities among others, and they shape people’s beliefs on various lifestyles.45 Thus, cultural, political, and religious beliefs have a significant impact on the public’s mindset in a particular region or country.45 Myths related to various pandemics have been prevalent from time to time, and it takes decisive interventions to demystify them through an evidence-based approach. In the current dispensation, myths about pandemics are shared widely and easily from one person to another, a human behavior that has been catapulted by the plethora of social media platforms and mobile phone technology. Myths about pandemics can be very dangerous, as they can lead to over-complacency or other health hazards.46

Myths and Conspiracy Theories About COVID-19

The onset of global pandemics such as COVID-19 is characterised by the diffusion of misinformation about the virus, its origins, and effective prevention and treatment strategies. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, researchers have investigated and recorded numerous myths and false theories about the disease. For instance, a study by Coffie, Nkukpornu, Kankam and Ocloo identified that the study participants believed COVID-19 is a disease for white people and not black people; the disease only attacks and kills people living in cold regions; the African blood is immune to coronavirus; the disease is not real, it is stage managed; taking alcohol, ginger, garlic and exposing oneself to hot temperatures can prevent or cure COVID-19.47 The conspiracy theories around COVID-19 also include the impact of advancement in technology, with the 5G mobile network being perceived as a cause of the pandemic, and that the vaccine would change the human DNA.48 Moreover, there are false theories about the vaccine containing a microchip, that would be used to control people’s lives using a 5G network. Thus, the vaccines were perceived to have the potential to cause infertility and being used as a bioweapon against black people.38,48

To counter all these myths and conspiracies, the World Health Organization prepared and released shareable infographics about the disease, more especially on prevention to debunk the misconceptions.4 However, despite this, research indicates that exposure to correct graphic information did not affect misperceptions about the prevention of COVID-19.49 This shows how people quickly get entrenched in false information, perhaps due to fear, and such information being first-hand, before the correct public health information publication. Regrettably, misinformation, misconceptions and misperceptions pose serious challenges in the management of infectious diseases. Indubitably, they derail the uptake of vaccines, treatment, and other preventative behaviors such as social distancing, masking, or quarantine procedures.49 Consequently, the control and management of the viruses becomes expensive and mortality rates increase.

As alluded to earlier, religious beliefs influence how people respond to pandemics. A study on myths about COVID-19 in the United States of America revealed that Christian nationalism was negatively associated with COVID-19 vaccine confidence and negatively related to the odds of COVID-19 vaccine uptake.50 Their study concluded that Christian nationalism was one of the strongest predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and was negatively associated with having received or planning to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.50 This behavior is not unique in America, but prevalent in other continents such as Africa, where church leaders and personalities perceived COVID-19 as a demonic attack, and the mark of the beast described in the Bible, hence urging people to shun away from the vaccines. Despite the virtues associated with Christianity, Christian nationalism has been antagonistic to science in matters of vaccine, and reproductive health (modern birth controls) among other contentious issues.50

The presence of myths, conspiracies and disinformation results in serious health, social and economic ramifications as people tend to gain a false sense of security of being immune to the infection, hence exposure to high-risk situations. Myths associated with pandemics mainly prevail around causation, disease transmission, and cure. Inopportunely, public stigma is embedded in mythical thinking, hence shaping the behavior of people towards the disease and those infected.46

Myths and Conspiracies About HIV/AIDS

Just like the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV/AIDS has had an equal share of myths, especially among the black African populace.51 Previous studies have documented various HIV/AIDS myths and misconceptions aligned to racial segmentation, cultural, political, religious, and sexual behavioral lenses. The racial myths include HIV being manufactured by whites to reduce the black African population; and HIV being caused by supernatural forces or witchcraft.17,52 A cross-sectional study on HIV/AIDS in South Africa indicated that a misconception that “witchcraft plays a role in HIV transmission” was significantly related to less positive attitudes about condoms, less belief in condom effectiveness for HIV prevention, and lower intentions to use condoms among men.17 The study also reported that the misconception that “vitamins and fresh fruits and vegetables can cure AIDS” was associated with lower intentions among men to use condoms.17 Their study further revealed that women who linked HIV/AIDS to witchcraft had a higher likelihood of unprotected sex with a main partner; and that ARVS were poisonous and made people sick.17 This is a relatively similar scenario to the COVID-19 vaccine rollout across the globe but with more hesitancy in Africa.4 Thus, these misconceptions and mythical thinking hampered effective HIV/AIDS prevention measures in African settings.

In America, various studies undertaken in the early 1990s revealed genocidal misconceptions associated with HIV/AIDS among the Black American population.53–55 Moreover, other studies have revealed racial-based and cultural-based misconceptions, where the black population had a false belief that their White counterparts were responsible for the contagious epidemics and pandemics.56–59 Arguably, this presents serious racial illusions and delusions about the diseases, a behavior that stifles public health interventions towards effective prevention, management and treatment of HIV/AIDS. The contemporary myths and misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, like the case of COVID-19, are primarily on disease causation, mode of transmission and the effects of the virus on human populations.59 A critical analysis of these myths indicates that they are rooted in political history (racial mistrust), sociocultural values and religious ethos, all shaping how people perceive life challenges and the source of solutions.

For instance, the perceptions that HIV was created by whites to annihilate populations in sub-Saharan Africa elucidate some of the sociopolitical tensions and feelings of malevolence embedded in memories of imperialism and the colonial era.57 On the other hand, the perceptions that HIV/AIDS is caused by supernatural spirits mirror the deep African traditional view that diseases without cures are a result of malicious spiritual attacks.60 These metaphysical perceptions extend further to bring some sense of self-guilty that HIV/AIDS infection is a consequence of violating some moral codes that regulate sexual activities, hence the punishment from God or gods for sexual promiscuity.60 From a morality point of view, HIV/AIDS was perceived as the disease of homosexuals.61 Even though research indicates a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among gays and lesbians,62–64 the mythical perceptions that the disease is for homosexuals create an environment of vulnerability to infections among other segments of the population. Irrefutably, research has shown that these misconceptions and myths undermine the effective and efficient delivery of HIV/AIDS prevention and management interventions in the world.

Response to the HIV/AIDS & COVID-19 Pandemics

Generally, pandemics are sporadic, and every disease is different from another. With such unpredictability of outbreaks, governments and international health organizations adopt a reactive approach to intervene. The response to pandemics includes activities such as creating awareness, prevention (could be through vaccinations, personal hygiene, restrictions or using protective gear such as condoms for HIV or masks for COVID-19), and treatment. Basically, at the onset of the pandemic, there are no clear methods of prevention, vaccines, and treatment plans. Resultantly, the prevention measures are hurriedly designed like in the case of COVID-19 which included maintaining social distancing, using masks, hand washing and sanitizing.38 Research shows that the adoption of protective health behaviors such as personal hygiene, social distancing and wearing of masks slows down the transmission of COVID-19.65 Although the efficiency of these preventive measures is low, the COVID-19 vaccines were approved for use within a short period with the hope of higher efficacy.4 The vaccine uptake, however, was faced with hesitancy on the basis of safety and the institutions manufacturing them.38,66 Nonetheless, the vaccines for COVID-19 were availed within a short scope of time, while the HIV/AIDS vaccine is yet to be confirmed. The quick response in providing vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic sparked informal racial debates in some African-Black communities that their White counterparts were quick to save their lives through vaccines, whereas HIV/AIDS has been there for decades without a potent vaccine. Perhaps, this is why COVID-19 was politicised by some presidents such as the late Tanzanian president Magufuli,67,68 and the former US president Donald Trump.7 While the Tanzanian president Magufuli denied the existence of COVID-19 and its devastating effects while insinuating that it was laboratory produced,67 Donald Trump castigated lockdowns and the restrictions as activities against human rights hence downplaying the seriousness of the pandemic.7

These political utterances about the COVID-19 pandemic preventative measures catalysed citizens to believe that public health measures were an impingement upon their freedoms and that doing independent treatments or preventative measures, were appropriate. These utterances perceptively presented hegemonic ideologies confusing the truth of the disease, and endorsement of the myths that some elites and powerful sovereignties were trying to use COVID-19 for political control.7 Similarly, a former South African president has been recorded for being a famous HIV/AIDS denialist.69–71 His utterances of denial as the then sitting president, that HIV does not cause AIDS and deaths is attributed to massive deaths in South Africa and affected the access and update of ARVs. Therefore, when senior government leaders become agents of disinformation and misinformation, the public healthcare efforts in responding to the pandemics through awareness, vaccination and treatment are severely undermined.

The Impact of COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS

Indubitably, every pandemic has a serious impact on health, social, economic, and political systems. In this section, we focus on the social and economic impact of these pandemics. Socially, COVID-19 brought about stigma and stigmatisation among individuals and communities. A study on stigma related to COVID-19 shows that survivors were stigmatised (60.82%), and the disease intensified social rejection, financial insecurity, internalised shame, and social isolation.72 This stigma was not only meted towards the survivors but also the family members and spouses. Consequently, the loss of life, economic losses, and stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic led to depressive conditions, which further affected people’s health.72

All pandemics have pecuniary implications that have significant effects on the national and global fiscal and financial budgets. This is because with the outbreak of pandemics, the financial commitments burgeon and become a serious burden for countries. Researchers have delineated the pecuniary concerns associated with COVID-19 to be costs to the health system, both public and private. They include medical treatment of the infected and strain to health care systems to deal with extra routine health issues.73 Moreover, emergency events, quarantines, and social distancing measures impacted on the financial markets.73,74 Additionally, the public health responses such as awareness programs, testing and quarantine, and income support packages placed extra financial burdens on government and philanthropic institutions.73 As a result of lockdowns and related restrictions, many people lost employment, which affected economic productivity and income levels from households to national levels through loss of foreign direct investment.74 On the other hand, HIV/AIDS has cost nations and international organizations billions of money on medication (ARVS), condoms and awareness campaigns.20

Discussion

Pandemics have negatively impacted humans from ancient days to the current dispensation. The magnitude and the impacts of the pandemics have had different scales, from the loss of human life to economic and social disruptions. Of great interest is what lessons we draw from these pandemics for better preparation in the future. This is important to depart from a false sense of disease normalisation and blinding prospects for the future. This paper focused on four aspects of COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS pandemics, which are the etiology and epidemiology, myths and conspiracies associated with pandemics, response to the pandemics and the economic impact. The analysis discovered some similarities and differences that are outlined in this section.

Firstly, the analysis revealed that the genesis of these two pandemics is associated with animals, and then transmitted from person to person. HIV/AIDS is attributed to human interactions or contact with apes in central Africa, while COVID-19 is attributed to bats and pangolins in China. Geographically, HIV/AIDS is traced in Africa, while COVID-19 is traced in Asia – China. Apparently, the interactions between humans and animals through hunting for food and the trade of exotic pets harbour potential risks of spillover of zoonotic pathogens. This implies that the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases are likely to be common in the future due to increased human activities and their effects on the environment. Therefore, institutions and centres concerned with public healthcare globally should equip themselves for such eventualities in the future.

The analysis revealed that both pandemics were marred with misinformation, misconceptions, disinformation, myths, and conspiracies. All these were around causations, racial extermination, and prevention and treatment. Notably, in both pandemics, there were misconceptions that the whites were on a secret agenda to exterminate the blacks through incurable diseases and holding back treatment. These views were more prominent in Africa and other mixed-racial continents such as Asia and America. The tendency for information, including false information to spread is increasingly enabled by technological advancements and access to social media.75 Most people are likely to believe the information they receive from social media without even a sense of verification; hence an apparent behavior of endorsing myths is seen in this analysis. Considering the pernicious ramifications of spreading false information about HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 through social media and other platforms, it is essential to explore and counter such behaviors.

Generally, conspiracy theories can surge when societies are in moments of crisis such as during a rapid political change, natural disasters, and disease outbreaks as witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic.75 Research on why people might hold on conspiracy beliefs suggests that is a result of a vacuum, when important psychological needs are not being met, such as experiences of anxiety, uncertainty, and threats.76 Arguably, therefore, if conspiracy beliefs address psychological needs, the motivation to endorse them is justified as a remedy. Contrary to this, however, a different study revealed that conspiracy beliefs do not reduce anxiety, uncertainty aversion, or existential threat, but increase these negative feelings.77 Nonetheless, emerging research demonstrates that appealing positives of conspiracy endorsement are overshadowed by evidence of the dangerous consequences of these beliefs.78,79

Misinformation that promotes false preventives or cures can hinder necessary behaviors to reduce the spread of diseases.49 For instance, a South African study shows that HIV/AIDS stigma in South Africa is driven by ignorance about the AIDS etiology and epidemiology, weaker campaign infrastructure in the rural areas, poverty of the people, denialism, and myths.28 In the same vein, a study in Ghana indicated that respondents with high knowledge of how HIV may be transmitted, highly educated, and wealthier had lower tendencies to endorse myths about the disease, compared to the less educated and poorer ones.18 Indeed, myths and misconceptions are significant factors influencing people’s behavior towards the disease. Previous studies have found that the youths who endorsed HIV and AIDS myths experienced their sexual debut much earlier, and were more sexually active, and more likely not to use condoms compared to those rejecting such myths.60,80 Similar evidence has been found among those who believed HIV/AIDS is transmitted through superstition and witchcraft.60,80,81 Similarly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, such behavior has been reported across the globe. Accordingly, the COVID-19 pandemic has been described as a pandemic mother of myths and conspiracies.7 This is because of the perceptions that a group of elites is using the COVID-19 crisis to gain power; the spread of COVID-19 is connected to 5 G networks and technology; and the virus behind COVID-19 was produced in a lab in Wuhan among others.7 This observation corroborates with Ullah, Khan, Tahir, Ahmed and Harapan study that lack of knowledge, false religious beliefs, anti-vaccine misinformation and disinformation have been attributed to COVID-19 hesitancy globally.38 Consequently, the outcomes are dreadful, hence the World Health Organization recognizes vaccine hesitancy as the world’s top threat to public safety in combating pandemics and epidemics.38

Incontrovertibly, clear understanding and high knowledge about multiple aspects of diseases are vital in dispelling myths and beliefs that hamper effective public health interventions. The importance is vividly supported by research indicating that individuals with a clear understanding of the scientific truths surrounding HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 transmission reject the myths and all misconceptions and misinformation embedded in them.38,60 As noted earlier in this paper, these myths and misconceptions remain a barrier to positive behavior change in communities prone to both epidemics and pandemics. To debunk myths and conspiracies about pandemics such as COVID-19, research suggests three approaches, which are question-answer format, fact-myth, and fact-only: with the question-answer approach being more effective than fact-myth in the longer term.82

The impact of COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS has a multifaceted dimension including psychological, social, economic, political and health outcomes. These pandemics are associated with pangs of stigma and stigmatisation towards patients, family members and healthcare workers associated with treating such diseases.28,38,60 Disease-related stigmatisation can lead to discrimination, marginalisation, and stereotyping, making victims vulnerable and therefore shunned from available public treatments and other interventions.

Economically, the impact of the two pandemics discussed in this paper unearths some economic paradoxes. While there were economic turndowns during COVID-19, due to loss of jobs, loss of life, low productivity, restrictions on movements, huge expenditure in purchasing protective gear, and other medical emergencies, there were unprecedented opportunities for markets to develop new products and services to combat the virus. For instance, the pharmaceutical industries had an opportunity to develop and manufacture vaccines, surgical masks, and oxygen, which were not in existence or in higher demand before the outbreak of the pandemic. Opportunely, COVID-19 provided a fortune for a segment of the economy, though amid global health agony. Similarly, HIV/AIDS has placed a serious burden on fiscal budgets in countries especially in Africa, eating into the budget share that would contribute to more economic development projects. Nonetheless, the disease has presented an opportunity for research in finding the cure, treatment, prevention, and advocacy activities that also attract economic value. Arguably, therefore, pandemics and epidemics have embedded negative and positive economic and market dynamics.

Conclusion

This paper compared selected aspects of the HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 pandemic. The study established some similarities in the etiology and epidemiology of the diseases, although the incubation periods differed significantly. The COVID-19 pandemic sporadically spread across the world, which triggered a speedy response and intervention as compared to HIV/AIDS. Of great interest, the two diseases are characterized by myths and conspiracies around origin, transmission and treatment that strongly influence human behaviors response to public health information. Perhaps, this indicates a lacuna among the structures responsible for information dissemination on disease outbreaks and control. The impact, though with relatively similar outcomes, seems to vary with HIV/AIDS being more severe, perhaps due to its longevity. The paper finds that the ability to access up-to-date health information and resources, and timely use is important for the management of pandemics and countering misleading mythical information about diseases. The analysis reveals eminent public panic and the quick spreading of false information about the diseases. The media and more especially the social media platforms being avenues of information sharing should be properly used and regulated to disseminate credible and verifiable information. Public health institutions and practitioners have a duty of demystifying all the myths and falsehoods associated with pandemics such as HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus, such that they are not used as reference points should such pandemics occur in the future. There is a need to increase the awareness of pandemic preparedness among communities around the world to avoid the extreme burden on healthcare systems. Governments around the world, international health organizations, and Centers for Disease Control must fully prepare for unprecedented pandemics in the future through vaccine development of infectious pandemics, and timely dissemination of public health awareness information.

Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the valuable inputs and comments from the reviewers and editors to improve the quality of this manuscript.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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