ABCD Africa 100 Most Impactful Voices List (2nd Edition)

Released to mark 2024 International Women’s Day

ABCD Africa is proud to announce the release of the 2nd edition of the 100 Most Impactful Voices List to mark 2024 International Women’s Day. This list recognizes African female coaches, content creators, and community builders who leverage their voices and digital content as tools for impact.

In a world grappling with unprecedented challenges ranging from climate crises to systemic injustices, the voices of women are more crucial than ever. 

Through the 100 Most Impactful Voices list, we shine a spotlight on women who harness the power of digital platforms to address these pressing issues head-on. 

They are the architects of transformation, leveraging their voices to dismantle barriers, challenge norms, and uplift communities across various digital platforms, including Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, TikTok, Netflix, Podcasts and Blogs.

“We are thrilled to unveil the 100 Most Impactful Voices in Africa and amplify their contribution. We hope that this list inspires other women to use their voices, create impactful content, and shape conversations that contribute to the development of a more equitable and inclusive society,’’ says Joke Pearl Oyebamiji, Founder of  ABCD Africa.

The selection process was rigorous and thorough, with nominations received from digital experts and the general public. The finalists were evaluated based on their creativity, impact, authenticity, and engagement.

Here they are (This list is in no particular order):

Click HERE to download the full magazine.

  1. Dr. Oby Ezekwesili 🇳🇬 

Economic and Human Capital Policy Expert, Good Governance Champion

Dr. Oby Ezekwesili is an eminent figure in Nigeria, renowned for her expertise in economic policy, advocacy for transparency, and commitment to good governance and human capital development. A former vice president at the World Bank, she has championed initiatives like #BringBackOurGirls, lending her voice to pressing issues and driving crucial conversations through her social media platforms where she has over 1.4 million followers.

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  1. Yemisi Adegoke 🇳🇬 

Senior Reporter, BBC

Yemisi Adegoke, a former CNN Africa journalist and current BBC Africa reporter, has garnered acclaim for her incisive journalism. With a focus on addressing misinformation, she engages audiences with thought-provoking storytelling that raises awareness and sparks dialogue about pressing issues in Africa.

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3.Dr. Addy Olubamiji 🇺🇸 

EdTech Pioneer & Founder at D-Tech Centrix Inc

Dr. Addy Olubamiji, is the CEO of D-Tech Centric Ltd. and Founder of STEMHub Foundation Canada, where she champions STEM education and empowerment for youths and immigrants through training programs and digital content. 

A Nigerian-American technologist and pioneer in metal and plastic additive manufacturing, she broke barriers by becoming the first Black person to obtain a PhD in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Saskatchewan. 

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4.Nozipho Tshabalala 🇿🇦 

Conversation Strategist 

Nozipho Tshabalala, a renowned conversation strategist and award-winning financial markets broadcaster, excels in moderating global conversations for measurable outcomes. With courage and insight, she navigates difficult discussions for leading global institutions, listed multinational corporations, and civil society organizations.

As an executive director at LRMG and a faculty member for Duke Corporate Education, Nozipho is committed to leveraging conversations for transformative change in Africa and beyond.

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5.Stella Ndekile 🇳🇬 

Founder/CEO, Nuban Beauty Ltd

Stella Ndekile, a visionary serial entrepreneur, host of « Walk with Stella » show, and author of “Success Uncharted,” leads Nuban Beauty Ltd, a premier cosmetic brand catering to African skin tones. 

With over a decade of experience in business development and cosmetics, Stella empowers individuals to feel confident through her premium beauty products and impactful digital content.

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6.Chinyere Okorocha 🇳🇬 

Chairperson, Nigerian Bar Association Women Forum

Chinyere Okorocha, Chairperson of the Nigerian Bar Association Women Forum, is a distinguished IP and medico-legal lawyer.

Passionate about empowering female professionals, she founded the Heels & Ladders Career Mentorship Club, providing invaluable guidance for career advancement through her digital content and programs. 

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7.Fatma Said Kauga 🇹🇿 

Executive Director, Doyenne Tanzania

Fatma Said Kauga is the visionary Founder and Executive Director of Doyenne Organization, dedicated to nurturing the next generation of female leaders in Tanzania. 

Recognized as a Gratitude Network Fellow and a Perennial Leadership Fellow, Fatma is committed to empowering youth and women to drive sustainable change through various initiatives and digital content.

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8.Esther Ijewere Nigeria 🇳🇬 

Media Strategist, Founder – Women of Rubies

Esther Ijewere, a renowned media strategist and author, is the Founder of Women of Rubies, championing women’s rights and empowerment. Recognized for her impactful advocacy, Esther’s work has earned prestigious awards and accolades, including the Women Enterprise Award from Vital Voices International.

Through her platforms and initiatives, Esther inspires positive change and celebrates individuals making a difference.

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  1. Nana Agyemang 🇬🇭 

CEO/Founder – EveryStylishGirl, Multimedia Journalist

Nana Agyemang is a multimedia journalist, creative strategist, and writer known for her impactful work with The Cut, Refinery29, ELLE Magazine, New York Times, and BBC News.

As the founder of EveryStylishGirl, she champions diversity and empowerment in fashion and media, creating a vibrant community that amplifies the voices of women of color and advances opportunities in the industry.

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  1. Dr Chinasa Amadi 🇳🇬 

Int’l Board Certified Lifestyle Medicine Physician

Dr. Chinasa Amadi, a Russian-trained Medical Doctor and Board Certified Lifestyle Medicine Physician, champions holistic healthcare in Africa.

Founder of Ariella Health and Fitness Ltd, she empowers communities through Africa’s first Digital Lifestyle Medicine Practice, offering CPD accredited health coaching courses and reaching thousands worldwide with her digital content.

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  1. Toyin Oluwafimidara Poju-Oyemade 🇳🇬 

Producer & Documentary Filmmaker at StoryTeller Media Global

Toyin Poju-Oyemade is a seasoned media professional with over 16 years of experience spanning radio, television, and documentary filmmaking.

As the founder of StoryTeller Media, she is dedicated to curating powerful conversations and showcasing the journeys of everyday people. With a passion for storytelling, Toyin has collaborated with various organizations, producing qualitative documentaries that inspire and resonate.

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  1. Aisha Falke

Founder – Northern Hibiscus Community, Chairperson – Falke Group of Companies

Aisha Falke is a serial entrepreneur and visionary leader dedicated to empowering Northern Nigerian women and youth. As the Founder of Northern Hibiscus Community which has over half a million followers, she leverages her passion for storytelling and community building to drive positive change.

Through initiatives like the Northern Youth Summit and Edu-Kids Academy, she strives to tackle poverty and educational challenges in Northern Nigeria.

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  1. Lynn Ngugi

Media Personality, Youtuber

Lynn Ngugi, an award-winning journalist and YouTuber, is renowned for her captivating coverage of human interest and societal issues.

Transitioning from her role at Tuko to her self-titled YouTube show which has amassed over 850,000 subscribers, Lynn has garnered international acclaim for her impactful storytelling.

Recognized with prestigious awards like the BEFFTA Best International Media Personality and the Gender Justice Champion Award, she continues to inspire change through her advocacy.

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  1. Adedayo Tosin Olufemi 🇳🇬 

Founder, Newmumshub.com

Adedayo Tosin Olufemi, the visionary founder of Newmumshub.com, passionately advocates for new mothers through her online platform which boasts of over 130,000 followers.

New Mums Hub serves as a nurturing community, offering support and guidance to mothers embarking on the journey of motherhood. 

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  1. Reni Odetoyinbo 🇨🇦 

Content Creator, Marketing Consultant & Finance Educator 

Reni Odetoyinbo, a Canadian-Nigerian blogger, empowers women worldwide through her transformative resources on financial literacy and lifestyle tips. 

Recognized by YouTube as part of the prestigious #YouTubeBlack Voices Class of 2022, Reni’s engaging video content inspires women to take control of their financial futures and pursue their professional aspirations.

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  1. Iquo Ukoh 🇳🇬 

Culinary Expert, Author & Podcaster

Iquo Ukoh, a Nigerian food expert, consultant, and podcaster, celebrates the richness of Nigerian cuisine through her blog, 1Q Food Platter. Her cookbook, “Memories on a Platter,” documents her culinary journey and promotes Nigerian identity through food.

Iquo’s irresistible presentations and delicious recipes educate and inspire food lovers while reflecting her commitment to preserving Nigerian culture.

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  1. Aissata Sidibe 🇨🇮 

Founder – Afrique Femme, Founder – Yelenba Women in Action 

Aissata Sidibe N’Dia is the President and founding member of Yelenba-Women in Action, an NGO dedicated to empowering women and raising awareness among young girls in Ivory Coast.

With over 18 years of experience in communications and an MBA from the University of Maryland, USA, she founded the Afrique Femme platform, which has over 150,000 followers. Aissata champions African women leaders through her show, African Woman 2.0.

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  1. Chinny Ononuju-McErnest 🇳🇬 

Founder – The Women International 

Chinny Ononuju-McErnest is the Founder of The Women International (TWI), where she leads a global movement empowering women through various initiatives and digital content across multiple countries.

Chinny’s marketing expertise, showcased at W Agency, is utilized to amplify the impact of renowned foundations and NGOs, driving societal change.

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  1. Ogheneyonreme Karika 🇳🇬 

Global Community builder

Ogheneyonreme Karika is a Networking and People Strategy Expert. Karika educates thousands of entrepreneurs and professionals globally through her social media platforms on personal branding and networking, accelerating their careers and business visibility.

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  1. Ife Durosinmi-Etti 🇳🇬 

Founder, Hereconomy

Ife Durosinmi-Etti, founder of Herconomy, is dedicated to empowering women in business through funding, mentorship, training programs, and impactful digital content.

Herconomy provides a platform for women to connect, save money, and access opportunities, aiming to address the challenges of funding and self-development faced by women.

Ife’s passion for women’s empowerment has led to impactful initiatives and partnerships with global organizations like Amazon and Google.

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  1. Arian Simone 🇺🇸 

Co-Founder & CEO – Fearless Fund

Arian Simone is the Co-Founder and General Partner of Fearless Fund, the first VC fund by women of colour for women of colour. With over 17 years of entrepreneurial experience, she pioneers initiatives supporting Black women entrepreneurs.

Despite legal opposition, her work in economic empowerment and advocacy uplifts underrepresented founders, challenging systemic barriers to diversity, inclusion and economic empowerment.

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  1. Victoria James 🇳🇬 

Fashion Designer 

Victoria James, known as Veekee James, is an award-winning fashion designer, content creator, and social media influencer.  Her brand, Veekee James, inspires creativity and elegance globally with unique, custom-crafted pieces.

With over 1 million Instagram followers, she shares her faith through her gospel podcast – Bible Stories With VJ.

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  1. Shakirat (Ronke) Edoho 🇨🇦 

Recipe Developer, Founder – Atarefoods, Lose It Nigerian, Jollof Code

Ronke Edoho, a Nigerian-born Chartered Accountant and certified nutritionist, is the culinary genius behind 9jafoodie. Through her platform, Ronke celebrates Nigerian cuisine while promoting wellness through nutrition.

Her blog offers authentic recipes, cooking tips, and nutritional insights, empowering her audience to make healthier food choices and embrace the richness of Nigerian food culture.

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  1. Joycee Awosika 🇳🇬 

Founder/CEO, ORíKì Group

Joycee Awosika is a visionary entrepreneur known for building impactful global companies in wellness, manufacturing, and tech sectors. As Founder of ORiKi Group, she has expanded wellness spas across Africa. 

Leveraging her expertise, impactful digital content, and transformative programs, she empowers entrepreneurs with systems, structure and faith-based advisory. 

Featured in CNN, CNBC, and Ebony Magazine, Joycee’s leadership inspires women worldwide.

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  1. Hayet Rida 🇬🇭 

CEO/Creative Director, Khoi

Hayet Rida, a Ghanaian-born entrepreneur and influencer, is known for her resilience and creativity in the fashion and lifestyle industry. From founding luxury candle brand AÏYA CANDLE CO to launching her jewelry line, KHOI Studio, she’s a master of pivoting failures into success.

With a passion for empowering others, Hayet shares her life experiences openly, inspiring her followers to embrace confidence and self-love.

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  1. Haoma Worgwu 🇳🇬 

Linkedin Growth Expert 

Haoma Worgwu is an award-winning thought leader and LinkedIn expert, renowned for helping business owners and professionals maximize opportunities on the platform. Her impactful digital programs, including the “20 Days LinkedIn Growth Program,” have impacted thousands globally.

Recognized as one of the top LinkedIn creators in Nigeria, Haoma’s influence extends to global forums, earning her accolades from the United Nations and Goldman Sachs.

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  1. Adenike Adebayo-Esho 🇺🇸 

Actress, Director & Content Creator

Adenike Adebayo-Esho, a Nigerian-born actress, director, and storyteller, captivates audiences with her talent and dedication to storytelling.

Known for her roles in acclaimed productions like “Reach” and “Make It or Break It,” she brings depth and authenticity to each character.

Through her work, Adenike entertains, inspires, and sparks important conversations.

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  1. Dr. Tewa Onasanya 🇳🇬 

Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Founder – Exquisite Magazine

Dr. Tewa Onasanya, a British-Nigerian philanthropist, publisher and mindset stylist, is the visionary behind Exquisite Magazine and the ELOY Awards.

Through her platforms, initiatives and digital content, she celebrates excellence in fashion, beauty, and entertainment while promoting empowerment and self-confidence.

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  1. Claudia Lumor 🇬🇭 

UN Ambassador (UNFPA), Founder – Glitz Africa

Claudia Lumor, founder and editor-in-chief of Glitz Africa, has transformed the fashion landscape in West Africa through her influential lifestyle publication. As a UN (UNFPA) Ambassador for Ghana, Claudia is dedicated to promoting and telling inspiring African stories. Her innovative work has earned her numerous awards and accolades. 

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  1. Sola Adesakin 🇳🇬 

Finance & Wealth Coach, Founder – Smart Stewards

Sola Adesakin is a seasoned finance coach and chartered accountant. Through Smart Stewards Financial Advisory Limited in Nigeria and the USA, she has transformed lives financially across 40 countries, guiding people from financial stress to rest, from debt to wealth, and from mediocrity to an extraordinary life.

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  1. Claire Eniola Idera Nnani 🇳🇬 

Artist, Founder – CI Workshop & Cladini

Claire Idera Nnani is a versatile artist known for her delicate portrayals of the transformative journey of young black women. Her work, inspired by personal journals and introspection, explores themes of identity and growth through whimsical elements and vibrant colors.

With a background in architecture and fashion design, Claire also shares her creative expertise through teaching and authentic lifestyle content on her YouTube channel where she has amassed over 52,000 subscribers.

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  1. Candy Olatunji 🇳🇬 

Certified Health Coach, Weight Management Expert.

Candy Olatunji, a Certified Health Coach and Weight Management Expert, transforms lives by providing tailored guidance on maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

With over half a million followers across digital platforms, Candy educates on calories, metabolism, and simple fitness routines through ebooks and personalized coaching sessions. 

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  1. Hannah Kupoluyi 🇬🇧 

Founder – All Women’s Network, Podcast Host

Hannah Kupoluyi, founder and CEO of All Women’s Network, is a multi-award-winning business coach and advocate for women’s empowerment.

Through transformative initiatives like Discover Your Business Spark workshops, she empowers women to overcome challenges and thrive in business.

Hannah’s strategic use of impactful content, coupled with her dedication to women’s advancement, has earned her recognition as a UN Women delegate and numerous prestigious awards.

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  1. Dr. Inya Lawal 🇳🇬 

Social Entrepreneur, Founder – Africa Creative Market Global

Inya Lawal is a social entrepreneur and founder of Ascend Studios Foundation and the Africa Children’s Creative Network, dedicated to empowering women, youth, and nurturing creative skills in children.

She leads Ascend Studios, producing impactful  TV and feature content while consulting for brands. Inya’s leadership extends to international programs, board memberships, and receiving honors for her contributions to women’s leadership and global trade development.

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  1. Prophet Olabisi Adamu 🇳🇬 

Minister, Entrepreneur, Coach

Olabisi Adamu, founder of Ignite Nations Ministry, is a Prophet, Intercessor, and seasoned teacher of God’s word. With a passion for spiritual growth and business empowerment, she leads thousands in prayer daily and owns Pro Thirty One Designs, an interior design showroom in Abuja.

Through her ministry, businesses, digital content, and philanthropic initiatives, Olabisi ignites individuals to excel spiritually and prosper in all aspects of life.

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  1. Solafunmi Oyeneye 🇬🇧 

Founder – Wealth Motley

Solafunmi Oyeneye is a seasoned Media, Tech, and Entertainment Executive with over 15 years of experience. Passionate about financial empowerment, Solafunmi runs Wealth Motley, a platform dedicated to teaching financial literacy and wealth creation, reaching over 75,000 individuals.

As the VP of Business & Strategic Partnerships at Circo, she drives innovation in African storytelling. 

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  1. Titoluwa Sam-Oladapo 🇳🇬 

Christian Content Creator/ Influencer 

Titoluwa Sam-Oladapo, known as Titothewriter, is a writer, culture shaper, and advocate breaking the silence on vaginismus through her book “Pop My Cherry Now.” She shares her journey of living with and overcoming vaginismus, addressing stigma and sexual assault. 

Through her Instagram and YouTube, Tito discusses faith-led Christianity, emphasizing grace over condemnation and shattering sexual stigma in the gospel and society.

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  1. Pretty Amagbakhen United States 🇺🇸 

Licensed Mental Health Therapist 

Pretty Amagbakhen, a licensed mental health therapist and ADHD coach, courageously addresses mental health issues and dismantles stigma. With empathy and intuition, she offers invaluable support through her social media content, fostering a safe space for her audience to thrive. 

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  1. Yacine Diop Djibo 🇸🇳 

Founder & Executive Director – Speak Up Africa 

Yacine Diop Djibo, Founder of Speak Up Africa, is a leading voice in Africa’s public health landscape. Since 2011, her organization has tackled issues like malaria and sanitation, fostering collaboration with African leaders.

Yacine’s influence extends to multiple boards, including the RBM Partnership to End Malaria. 

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  1. Sola Allyson

Singer 🇳🇬 

Sola Allyson-Obaniyi, known as Shola Allyson, is a renowned Nigerian soul and folk singer-songwriter. She’s a voice coach and consultant, sharing her vulnerability and soulful storytelling to inspire personal growth and spiritual reflection.

Her music, including hits like “Eji Owuro” and “Obinrin Ni Mi,” blends traditional Yoruba folk with contemporary gospel. 

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  1. Tito Bez-Idakula 🇬🇧 

Writer, Author, Founder – My Lighthouse 

Bolatito Bez-Idakula, known as Tito, is the Founder of My Lighthouse, a faith-based blog. With a background in banking and a passion for sharing God’s love, she writes on self-identity, self-love, and honest motherhood stories. 

Through vulnerable narratives on social media, Tito aims to inspire healing, encourage deeper spiritual connections, and empower others to live their best lives.

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  1. Adetoke Oluwo 🇳🇬 

Founder – SGTC Clothing, Content Creator

Adetoke Oluwo is a dynamic TV producer, screenwriter, and Creative Director of the renowned Ankara ready-to-wear fashion brand, Sgtcclothing. From covering international fashion events to training entrepreneurs, Adetoke’s journey reflects her passion for both fashion and business.

Through her Instagram page where she reaches over 67,000 followers, she shares daily tips to uplift and empower others, while unashamedly expressing her love for Jesus.

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  1. Dizigbordi Kwaku 🇬🇭 

High-Performance Coach, Founder & CEO – DCG Consulting Group 

Dizigbordi Kwaku is a seasoned Business Leader with nearly three decades of experience in corporate America and Africa. As the Founder and Chief Strategist of The DCG Consulting Group, she specializes in personal development, professional growth, and talent development.

Through her professional work, training programs, and digital content, Dizigbordi is dedicated to empowering individuals and organizations to reach their full potential.

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  1. Maryam O. Belgore 🇳🇬 

Founder, Mob Foundation 

Maryam O. Belgore is a dedicated advocate for Youth & Girls Empowerment in Nigeria. Through her NGO, the Maryam Onikijipa Belgore Foundation, she tirelessly works to improve the lives of underprivileged youths & girls by providing access to education and essential supplies.

Through her talk-show, “Unraveling with Maryam,” she shares insights on life and gratitude.

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  1. Hauwa Ojeifo 🇳🇬 

Mental Health Advocate

Hauwa Ojeifo is a trailblazing advocate for mental health awareness and women’s rights in Nigeria. As the Executive Director of She Writes Woman, she empowers individuals with lived mental health experiences to share their stories, co-create solutions, and advocate for their rights.

Hauwa’s groundbreaking work has garnered international recognition, including prestigious awards from organizations like the Queen’s Young Leaders and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

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  1. Oluseye Yemisi Aderonke 🇳🇬 

Holistic Health & Nutrition Coach

Oluseye Yemisi Aderonke, fondly called DIBIA, is a Certified Holistic Nutrition Practitioner, Health Coach, and Naturopath. As the founder and CEO of FD Naturales & Essential Oils Ltd, she inspires wholeness in individuals through holistic health and wellness practices.

With a passion for natural alternatives, she has helped thousands regain their health through educational posts, holistic programs, and her authored books.

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  1. Aya Chebbi 🇹🇳 

Speaker, Founder – Nala Feminist Collective, I Am Nala Podcast 

Aya Chebbi, a Tunisian diplomat and passionate pan-African feminist activist, made history as the youngest senior official in the African Union’s history. 

Through various initiatives, storytelling and her podcast – I am Nala, she advocates for youth empowerment and the advancement of women’s rights. 

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  1. Ifeoma Chuks-Adizue 🇳🇬 

Commercial Director, Founder – Uncommon Woman Movement

Ifeoma Chuks-Adizue is a seasoned leader with over 18 years of experience driving growth in people and organizations across Africa.

As the Founder of the Uncommon Woman Movement, she empowers black career women to unleash their potential, achieve career success, and create impactful businesses through her transformative programs and digital content.

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  1. Habibah Waziri 🇳🇬 

MD, BGR Consulting

Habibah Waziri, a seasoned Human Capital Strategist and Business Solutions expert with nearly a decade of experience regularly shares her expertise through digital content, panels, keynotes, and workshops globally.

As the Managing Director/CEO of BGR Consulting Ltd, she implements human capital development programs and business growth strategies across Africa.

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  1. Irene Kiwia 🇹🇿 

Tech Entrepreneur, Women & Youth Proponent 

Irene Kiwia is a seasoned entrepreneur with over 17 years of experience in media, marketing communications, and technology. As the Founder of Adanian Labs, Twaa, eCOBbA, and The Africa Blockchain Center, she is dedicated to empowering women and youth across Africa.

Irene’s innovative digital content & impact tech platforms aim to provide access to finance, communities, and capacity building, driving wealth creation for women in Africa.

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  1. Blessing Oyeleye Adesiyan 🇳🇬 

Founder – Mother Honestly

Blessing Oyeleye Adesiyan is a leading voice, recognized for her pioneering work in building robust care infrastructure for today’s workforce. As the Founder & CEO of Mother Honestly and Caring Africa, she leads initiatives aimed at advancing workplace equity globally through her programs, offerings, and digital content. 

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  1. Yeside Olayinka-Agbola 🇳🇬 

Intimacy Coordinator/Director for Tv & Film

Yeside Olayinka-Agbola, also known as ‘Olori Coitus,’ is a certified sexual and reproductive health educator and intimacy expert. Through her enterprise, Olori Coitus, she challenges taboos around sex in Nigeria, providing sexual health education and coaching to individuals and couples.

As the host of the Olori Coitus Podcast, she explores relationships, sex, pleasure, and intimacy, empowering listeners with knowledge they wish they had growing up.

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  1. Marieme Jamme 🇬🇧 

Founder – iamtheCODE

Mariéme Jamme, a Senegalese-born French-British Technologist and Young Global Leader, is the CEO of Spotone Global Solutions and founder of iamtheCODE. 

Through iamtheCODE, she mobilizes global support to empower 1 million girls in STEAMD education by 2030. 

Mariéme’s inspirational podcast and Instagram series blend Japanese and African philosophies to bring joy and purpose to her audience, while her advocacy for marginalized communities resonates worldwide.

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  1. Ndidi Nwuneli 🇳🇬 

President – ONE Campaign, Founder – LEAP Africa

Ndidi Nwuneli is an expert on African agriculture, entrepreneurship, and youth development. As the co-founder of AACE Foods & Sahel Consulting, she works to improve nutrition in Africa. Recognized globally, she serves on several boards and is committed to changing narratives about Africa through food.

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  1. Uche Pedro 🇳🇬 

CEO – Bella Naija

Uche Pedro is the visionary founder of BellaNaija, Africa’s foremost lifestyle and advocacy digital media company. With over 12 million active users, BellaNaija has revolutionized creative industries across Africa.

Uche’s influence extends beyond media, as she champions positive change through initiatives like #BNDoGood. Recognized as one of Africa’s most powerful women by Forbes, Uche is dedicated to fostering progress for Africa’s emerging generations.

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  1. Rorisang Thandekiso 🇿🇦 

Presenter, Content Producer, Speaker

Rorisang “Rori” Thandekiso is a versatile South African talent, renowned as an actress, musician, and presenter. As the lead vocalist of MuzArt and a former YOTV presenter, she has left an indelible mark on South Africa’s entertainment landscape.

With acting roles in popular TV shows, hosting gigs on prominent platforms like Mzansi Insider, and her digital content, Rori engages her over 400,000 followers with her bubbly personality and unwavering dedication to youth advocacy.

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  1. Temilade S. Olanrewaju 🇳🇬 

Climate Education & Communications Expert

Temilade Salami Olanrewaju is a Climate Education and Communications Expert, dedicated to driving environmental change in Nigeria. As the Executive Director of “EcoChampions”, she leads initiatives in climate education, tree planting, and plastic waste management.

Through her digital content, books and poetry, she creatively advocates for environmental consciousness and self realization.

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  1. Abolanle Matel-Okoh 🇳🇬 

CEO – BMO Advisory Services, Executive Coach

Bola Matel-Okoh is a seasoned attorney and Non-Executive Director with over 30 years of legal experience. As the Lead Coach and Founder of BMO Advisory Services and The Women’s Lifestyle Hub, she empowers executive women to achieve personal and professional excellence.

Through her transformational programs and digital content, she guides women to unlock their full potential.

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  1. Entle Mmipi 🇧🇼 

Founder, Finpowerment Botswana

Entle Mmipi is the founder of Finpowerment Botswana, which aims to impact the youth with financial literacy and entrepreneurship skills through age-appropriate and interactive methods, as a way to assist in alleviating poverty and unemployment in Botswana.  

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  1. Banke Fasominu 🇳🇬 

Product Designer, CEO – Oludidit

Banke Fasominu is the CEO and Creative Director of Oludidit, a renowned creative enterprise specializing in arts and crafts. With a passion for blending African and Western elements, she transforms imaginations into tangible products, from interior decor accessories to stationeries.

Banke also shares her wisdom through her video series “Dear Young Lady,” offering authentic life advice distilled from her own experiences.

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  1. Dr. Yetunde A. Omede 🇺🇸 

Professor of Global Affairs & Politics 

Dr. Yetunde A. Omede, Ph.D., is a professor at Farmingdale State College and Director of Community and Civic Engagement. A Fulbright Specialist Scholar, she champions good governance and global ethics.

Her work spans academia, policymaking, and humanitarian efforts, earning her numerous awards, including induction into Rutgers University’s African-American Hall of Fame. As a global speaker and author, Dr. Yetunde empowers youth and women worldwide to effect positive change.

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  1. Hilary Rodriguez-Taiwo 🇳🇬 

UK Certified Cosmetics Scientist 

Hilary Rodriguez-Taiwo, a Nigerian Cosmetic Scientist, brings science to skincare. With a BSc in Cosmetic Science, she’s formulated for Procter and Gamble and consulted for brands like Lancôme and Chanel.

As founder of Hilary Says, she champions quality beauty products for all skin types. Her platform offers research-driven advice, empowering individuals to make informed skin care choices.

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  1. Mariama Khai Fornah 🇨🇲 

CEO, Hands of Hope Radio 100.5 FM

Mariama Khai Fornah is a seasoned journalist, gender activist, and visionary leader. With over 18 years of experience, she has reported on significant events, including the trials of former President Charles Taylor in The Hague.

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Her engaging posts and authentic approach make her a trusted voice in the fashion and lifestyle community, impacting lives and fostering a sense of empowerment among her followers.

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Director and Co-Founder – Blacare 

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Marriage Coach, Founder – Secret Place Wife Community

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MD- Zetile Oil and Gas, Founder – 360 Woman Africa

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Yvonne’s impact extends beyond business as she mentors aspiring women entrepreneurs through platforms like the Academy of Women Entrepreneurs. 

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CEO – ECAir, President of The African Education Foundation (AEF)

Fatima Beyina-Moussa is a trailblazing leader in African aviation, renowned as the CEO of ECAir, the national airline of the Republic of Congo.

Additionally, Beyina-Moussa serves as President of the African Education Foundation, demonstrating her commitment to advancing education and socioeconomic development in Africa. 

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General Manager of the Lagos State Office for Disability Affairs.

Adenike Oyetunde-Lawal is a multifaceted professional, radio host, lawyer, and  life coach. As the founder of Amputees United Initiative and The Gratitude Hub, she empowers persons with disabilities and fosters gratitude through her initiatives and digital content.

She currently serves as the General Manager of the Lagos State Office for Disability Affairs.

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Founder, Cumacatu

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Lulu’s commitment to education and technology integration in the classroom drives her advocacy for lifelong learning and gender empowerment.

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Story Teller

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Founder and CEO AppsTech

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Enonchong’s Twitter presence as @Africatechie has garnered over 200,000 followers, establishing her as a leading voice in African tech circles. 

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Founder – 100 Women @Davos, Global Women’s Leadership Expert

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A fervent advocate for gender balance, she spearheads global initiatives like Women@Davos and the African Women CEOs Network. 

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Digital Creator, Financial Literacy Champion

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Through ‘The Movers Society,’ she cultivates a vibrant community dedicated to financial enlightenment, personal growth, and enjoyment.

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Serial Entrepreneur, Business Coach

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Her unique ability to break down complex business concepts into actionable ideas makes her platform stand out.

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  1. Kisiwaa Gyan 🇬🇭 

Youth Bridge Foundation Programs Officer

Eunice Kisiwaa Gyan is a multifaceted young professional, blending her diverse experiences in Human Resources, Diplomacy, compliance, and Media Relations with a strong social media presence, reaching audiences passionate about professional development and cultural enrichment. Notably, she holds a Masters degree in International Affairs and Diplomacy from the University of Ghana and a degree in Political Science from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). 

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  1. Chioma Ifeanyi-Eze 🇳🇬 

Accountant, Founder – Accounting Hub

Chioma Ifeanyi-Eze, a Chartered Accountant and entrepreneur, is dedicated to fostering sustainable growth in African SMEs. With over 11 years of experience in finance and business consulting, she founded AccountingHub in 2015 to provide virtual and retail tech-accounting services tailored to SMEs’ needs. 

Through her digital content and training programs, she has supported hundreds of thousands of entrepreneurs in Nigeria, reaching over 160,000 followers via Facebook.

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  1. Esther Amba Numaba Cobbah 🇬🇭 

Chief Executive Officer, Strategic Communications Africa Limited

Esther A.N. Cobbah is the CEO and Lead Communication Strategist of Stratcomm Africa Ltd., a top-tier marketing communication agency she founded. With over 35 years of experience in both local and international communications, Esther excels in developing comprehensive strategies utilizing diverse media channels.

Her pioneering work in establishing communication departments for organizations like GNPC and Chevron has left an indelible mark on Ghana’s corporate landscape.

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  1. Dr Kehinde Nwani 🇳🇬 

Social Reformer, Leadership Coach, CEO – Meadow Hall Group

Dr. Kehinde Nwani, CEO of Meadow Hall Group and astute educationist, is driven by her passion for leadership excellence.

With over 30 years of experience in building sustainable businesses, she empowers individuals and organizations with proven strategies to build a leadership pipeline for organizational continuity through her digital content and transformational programs.

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  1. Abir Ibrahim 🇸🇩 

Associate Director of Africa at the World Economic ForumAbir Ibrahim, a Sudanese-American development practitioner, serves as the Associate Director of Africa at the World Economic Forum in Geneva, Switzerland. With a background in public health and psychology, she has spearheaded impactful initiatives in social and economic development, gender mainstreaming, and global health. 

Abir’s mission-driven approach has led to significant contributions, from heading the Private Sector portfolio at UNICEF in Sudan to founding Inua Naturals Inc., empowering marginalized women farmers and artisans.

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  1. Toyosi Etim-Effiong Nigeria 

CEO – That Good Media

Toyosi Etim-Effiong, a distinguished media entrepreneur, spearheads That Good Media, promoting authentic African narratives globally. Recognized as one of Nigeria’s inspiring women by Leading Ladies Africa, she empowers aspiring media professionals through workshops, demonstrating her commitment to the growth of Nigeria’s creative sector.

Through her Instagram platform, she reaches over 200,000 followers, sharing inspiring faith-based narratives.

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  1. Elizabeth Wathuti 🇰🇪 

Environmentalist & Climate Activist

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Media Influencer/Podcaster

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With engaging content on Instagram, Tiktok and YouTube, where she has a combined following of over half a million, she entertains and inspires her followers.

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  1. Danièle Sassou Nguesso

Founder, SOUNGA Foundation

Danièle Sassou Nguesso, Founder of the SOUNGA Foundation, champions education and gender equality through initiatives like Le Petit Samaritain. Her impactful work resonates across Africa, earning her prestigious awards for fostering inclusivity and empowerment. 

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  1. Clara Chizoba Kronborg 🇪🇸 

Media & Social Entrepreneur,  Host – Women’s World Show

Clara Chizoba Kronborg is an international media & social entrepreneur, talk show host and creative director. As the host of Women’s World Show and a passionate advocate for diversity and inclusion, Clara has long championed the power of storytelling across various media platforms.

From captivating talk show episodes to visionary content creation and aspiring film productions, her commitment to sparking inspiration and fostering societal change shines through.

Clara Chizoba Kronborg is set to make history with a Guinness World Record attempt for the Longest Interviewing Marathon. The attempt will hold between March 8 and 10 2024, in Marbella, Spain.

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  1. Omolabake Matthew 🇳🇬 

Founder – Workingmumdiary

Omolabake Matthew, a Social Entrepreneur and Tech Opportunities Advocate, is the founder of Working Mums Diary, and co-founder of Nutrition4kidsng and MumsNTech. She has cultivated a supportive space where mothers can connect, share experiences, and seek guidance on their journey through parenthood.

Through her digital content and innovative programs, she empowers moms to upskill and advance their careers. 

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  1. Ineza Umuhoza 🇷🇼 

Eco-Feminist

Ineza Umuhoza Grace is an eco-feminist and climate activist. As the CEO of The Green Protector and co-founder of the Loss and Damage Youth Coalition, Ineza spearheads transformative efforts to combat climate crisis effects and empower vulnerable communities.

Through advocacy, education, and storytelling, she amplifies youth voices and demands justice for those affected by climate-related loss and damage. 

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Founder/CEO, August Secrets

Toyin Onigbanjo is an award-winning child nutrition advocate and founder of August Secrets, a pioneering child nutrition company in Nigeria. Through her innovative cereals, best selling recipe book, and digital content, she aims to combat malnutrition and promote healthy eating habits among African children.

Toyin’s dedication to improving child nutrition has earned her recognition, including the prestigious Graca Machel Gender Lens Award.

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Iyore, a prominent Nigerian-born fashion influencer, captivates audiences with her impeccable sense of style and beauty. Through her vibrant and trend-setting content, she inspires her followers to embrace their individuality and express themselves confidently through fashion.

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Environmentalist, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador

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Head Photographer at BOJ Studios

Itiayo Ogunsanwo is a talented photographer renowned for her expertise in concert, event, and portrait photography. As the Head Photographer at BOJ Studios, she leads a team of creatives in producing captivating imagery that tells compelling stories.

Through her Instagram platform, she regularly shares content creation tips to the delight of over 129,000 enthusiasts who currently follow her.

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Travel content creator

Pelumi Nubi, is a travel content creator, and first Black woman to embark on a solo trip from London to Lagos. On Saturday, January 30th 2024, she embarked on a 2-month solo trip from London to Lagos. Starting from England, Ms Nubi will traverse 17 countries in two months and explore every city and country.

If successful, Ms Nubi will set a record and become the first black woman to drive from London to Lagos, but she said ‘the journey is not about breaking records.’ 

According to her, it is about showing the world that ‘impossible’ is just a word, especially when someone has enough grit and determination.

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  1. Dr. Joy Isa 🇳🇬 

President, Isa School of Education

Dr. Joy Isa, a seasoned educator and counselor, is dedicated to shaping the future of education in Africa. With extensive experience in international schools and educational leadership roles, she founded the Isa School of Education (ISED) to empower educational leaders across the continent.

As a sought-after facilitator and mentor, Dr. Isa also drives change through her counseling programs and digital content.

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Founder & CEO – Amini

Kate Kallot, CEO and Founder of Amini, is pioneering innovative solutions to address the critical issue of data scarcity in Africa. Through her Nairobi-based startup, she harnesses satellite imaging and AI technology to collect and analyze environmental data at a granular level.

Her groundbreaking approach coupled with impactful storytelling empowers communities with actionable insights to tackle pressing environmental challenges, driving positive change for a sustainable future.

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Investor & Developer 

Zim Flores, born in Minnesota to Nigerian immigrants, is a serial entrepreneur known for founding the travel company – Travel Noire, which has been acquired by Blavity.  As the author of “Dare to Bloom,” she inspires new beginnings. Zim hosts “The Bloom Podcast” and offers faith-based advice through her Instagram platform where she has amassed a following of over 73,000.

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Software Engineer, Director Women in Tech Malawi

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Through collaborative networks and impactful storytelling, she advocates for equal recognition and opportunities for women in the tech industry

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ABOUT ABCD AFRICA

Abcd Africa is a growth marketing and education company that offers world-class online education programs, coaching, and agency services to growth-focused coaches and experts.

We are on a mission to make the voice of the wise be heard.

Contact

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UNWRA Chief Warns Agency’s Fate ‘Hangs in the Balance’

Aid, Civil Society, Development & Aid, Featured, Headlines, Humanitarian Emergencies, IPS UN: Inside the Glasshouse, Middle East & North Africa, Peace, Sustainable Development Goals, TerraViva United Nations

Philippe Lazzarini, Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), briefs reporters at UN Headquarters.

Philippe Lazzarini, Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), briefs reporters at UN Headquarters.

UNITED NATIONS, Mar 6 2024 (IPS) – UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini asked the UN General Assembly to urge member states to support the organization’s mandate during this period of unprecedented crisis for the region and the agency. He also called for member states to facilitate a “long-overdue political process” for the two-state solution for Israel and Palestine. Only then, in this context, should UNRWA be allowed to transition.


He was speaking at an informal session of the General Assembly on the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). This was convened to discuss the ongoing situation with UNRWA’s capacity as a humanitarian and human development agency in Gaza.

Despite its existence for 75 years, UNRWA’s presence was always intended to be temporary. “It is a stain on our collective conscience that for 75 years, UNRWA has had to fill a vacuum left by the lack of a political solution and genuine peace,” said Lazzarini.

The ongoing hostilities in the Gaza Strip and the resulting destruction of UNRWA facilities, which have disrupted humanitarian services in the region, have led to calls to seek alternatives that can deliver on the scale of the agency or to raise concern about whether other agencies can deliver the necessary humanitarian aid.

“UNRWA is facing a deliberate and concerted campaign to undermine its operations and ultimately end them,” said Lazzarini.

Lazzarini argued that dismantling UNRWA during the current crisis would be shortsighted, given that the agency was designed to provide public services such as education and primary healthcare in a region without state authority. “The notion that the Agency can be dismantled without violating a host of human rights and jeopardizing international peace and security is naïve at best,” he said.

Speaking at a press briefing that same day, Lazzarini told reporters, “We can only feel that the worst is yet to come.” He remarked that since January, aid delivery to Gaza has decreased by 50 percent. Since then, famine has become all but inevitable.

Remarking on the dual investigations into UNRWA’s operations, Lazzarini stated that the investigations were necessary as an accountability measure. These investigations were announced after it was revealed that he had terminated the contracts of 12 staff members who were allegedly involved in the October 7 attacks. Lazzarini added that the “swift decision” to terminate the contracts, as well as the investigations, would likely reflect the agency’s ability to follow through on recommendations from a risk management review.

Lazzarini admitted, however, that he had not anticipated the swift action that 16 donor countries took to suspend their funding in the wake of the allegations, which he revealed were conveyed to him in an oral manner.  “I have no regret,” he said, referring to his response to the allegations, “but to be honest, I did not expect that… over the weekend, 16 countries would take that decision.”

The UNRWA chief also indicated that most donor countries would consider resuming their support. For those donor countries, the pressure to pull support came from domestic or public opinion that seems divided over UNRWA rather than foreign policy considerations.

There is some promise that UNRWA will continue to deliver on its mandate with the help of donor states, as was seen with the European Commission’s decision to continue funding the agency, starting with a pledge of 50 million euros. However, this will only go partway into filling the gap of 450 million USD left by the 16 donor countries. Lazzarini warned that without additional funding, the agency would be in “uncharted territory” and would have “serious implications for global peace and security.”

The atrocities that were committed on and since October 7 have only resulted in increasing devastation and tragedy. The international community, as embodied by the General Assembly on Monday, seems largely united in their calls for a humanitarian ceasefire in Gaza and for the safe release of all hostages.

Yet the ongoing hostilities in the region have prevented the UN and its agencies from fulfilling their mandate to safely provide critical emergency aid. Five months on, there is a seeming lack of forward momentum within the Security Council to deliver a ceasefire resolution. UNRWA has been contending with compounding existential questions about its survival as an agency from hostile forces in the Gaza Strip and beyond who call for its dissolution.

IPS UN Bureau Report

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Freedom of Speech Is Silenced in Nicaragua

Civil Society, Democracy, Editors’ Choice, Featured, Freedom of Expression, Headlines, Human Rights, Latin America & the Caribbean, Press Freedom, Regional Categories, TerraViva United Nations

Press Freedom

Abigail Hernández (left) appears at a press conference with journalist Wendy Quintero, a member of Independent Journalists and Communicators of Nicaragua at the headquarters of the Nicaragua Nunca Más Rights Collective. CREDIT: José Mendieta / IPS

Abigail Hernández (left) appears at a press conference with journalist Wendy Quintero, a member of Independent Journalists and Communicators of Nicaragua at the headquarters of the Nicaragua Nunca Más Rights Collective. CREDIT: José Mendieta / IPS

MANAGUA, Mar 5 2024 (IPS) – Almost six years after the outbreak of the April 2018 protests, there are no signs left in Nicaragua of the violence that reigned in those days. There is no graffiti on walls or banners with demands or opinions against the leftist regime that has ruled the country since 2007.


Nor are there newspapers or opinion programs or debates on radio and television, let alone press conferences or public rallies.

“The Ortega and Murillo regime’s repressive mechanisms have escalated to dramatic and unimaginable levels. A simple opinion issued on social networks or a criticism of the regime could land you in jail or exile.” — Martha Irene Sánchez

The city of Managua, the capital, is always bustling and active, with markets and shopping malls open at all hours; traffic is usually disorderly and police patrols roam the streets and avenues at all times.

At noon every day, on all radio and television stations, the tired, quiet voice of Vice President Rosario Murillo is heard giving the government’s news, social achievements and propaganda messages such as phrases of love and praise to God.

The program, which has no specific name, is broadcast from Channel 4, the historical property of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), the ruling party, to which the other state media are linked. The private media outlets controlled by the presidential family are also connected, together with dozens of radio stations and portals on social networks.

It first emerged in 2007 as “a message from comrade Rosario, from the Communication and Citizenship Council of the People’s President.”

“Here we are, on Valentine’s Day, with love, friendship, and for us, love and peace, because it is with love and in peace that we can walk ahead, move forward, building the future of all, a fraternal future,” she said on Feb. 13.

Murillo has been Nicaragua’s vice president since she was appointed in 2016 by her husband, President Daniel Ortega, the veteran former guerrilla who has been in office since November 2006.

Murillo is also the regime’s spokesperson and the only authorized voice, among the population of 6.7 million inhabitants of this Central American country, who can speak publicly and freely about anything. No one else can do so.

Freedom of expression in Nicaragua is one of the most repressed and abused rights, said journalist Abigail Hernández, director of the Galería News platform.

Journalist and former political prisoner Lucía Pineda Úbau, together with Martha Sánchez, take part in a protest by Nicaraguan journalists exiled in Costa Rica. CREDIT: José Mendieta / IPS

Journalist and former political prisoner Lucía Pineda Úbau, together with Martha Sánchez, take part in a protest by Nicaraguan journalists exiled in Costa Rica. CREDIT: José Mendieta / IPS

Her opinion, tellingly sent via an encrypted messaging application, is based on experience: three years’ exile.

“The media and journalists are a good thermometer for measuring the quality of freedom of expression,” Hernández told IPS.

“When we have less and less access to sources of information, when they limit us from reporting from the streets, when we can’t take photos or videos freely, when we can’t do our work inside the country, it reveals that there is no freedom of expression,” she said.

She is part of a generation of 242 journalists who have had to go into exile since the 2018 protests, which began against Social Security reforms and ended in a bloodbath provoked by military and police forces, with more than 355 civilian deaths, according to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR).

Journalist Martha Irene Sánchez, director of the República 18 platform, holds similar views, also expressed from exile.

“The scenarios for exercising freedom of the press and freedom of expression in Nicaragua have not improved since 2018; on the contrary, we are encountering more and more hostility,” she told IPS.

She is also a member of Independent Journalists and Communicators of Nicaragua (PCIN), a union organization that emerged after the protests and all of whose members went into exile.

“The Ortega and Murillo regime’s repressive mechanisms have escalated to dramatic and unimaginable levels. A simple opinion issued on social networks or a criticism of the regime could land you in jail or exile,” Sánchez said.

A forum for the presentation of the report on freedom of expression and press freedom in Nicaragua, released in September 2023 in San José, Costa Rica. The panel included journalists from Nicaragua from the Connectas platform, including FLED director Guillermo Medrano, (second-right). CREDIT: José Mendieta / IPS

A forum for the presentation of the report on freedom of expression and press freedom in Nicaragua, released in September 2023 in San José, Costa Rica. The panel included journalists from Nicaragua from the Connectas platform, including FLED director Guillermo Medrano, (second-right). CREDIT: José Mendieta / IPS

She cited the example of Victor Ticay, a local journalist in Nandaime, a municipality in the northwestern department of Granada, who went out one day to cover a procession during the Catholic Holy Week of 2023.

The event had not been authorized by the police, whose agents interrupted the religious ceremony and Ticay filmed the parishioners running away from the patrol cars through the streets of the town.

He was arrested, charged with treason and spreading false news and sentenced to eight years in prison.

Guillermo Medrano, director of the Foundation for Freedom of Expression and Democracy (FLED), explained to IPS that between 2020 and 2021, the Nicaraguan regime passed a series of laws criminalizing the practice of journalism and freedom of expression.

A study that FLED released in September 2023 in San José, Costa Rica, a country bordering Nicaragua and the center of the country’s exile community, documented 1329 press freedom violations, mostly perpetrated by state agents in the 2018-2023 five-year period.

The actions were taken against 338 Nicaraguan journalists and 78 media outlets, between April 2018 and April 2023.

They included the police intervention of several media outlets such as 100% Noticias, Confidencial, Trinchera de la Noticia, Radio Darío and La Prensa, the last newspaper circulating in Nicaragua until August 2022.

According to Medrano, the Special Law on Cybercrime, passed in October 2020, provides for prison sentences for the use of information “which in normal democracies should be freely accessible to citizens and the public.”

In theory, the main objective of this legislation is the prevention, investigation, prosecution and punishment of crimes committed by means of information and communication technologies to the detriment of natural or legal persons.

The press freedom advocate also pointed out that the Ortega-Murillo administration, which controls all state institutions and branches of power, as well as the security forces, established the Law for the Defense of the Rights of the People to Independence, Sovereignty and Self-Determination for Peace, effective since Dec. 22, 2020.

This law gives discretion to judges and prosecutors in terms of the crime of “treason”, which orders the banishment and denationalization of the accused, as well as life imprisonment through a reform of the penal system.

More than 180 people have already been prosecuted under these laws and at least 22 journalists were stripped of their citizenship and banished in 2023.

“Under these laws, freedom of speech and the press has become a high-risk constitutional right for those who exercise it within Nicaragua,” Medrano denounced.

A report by the regional organization Voces del Sur says that Nicaragua ended 2023 with new forms of repression and threats to press freedom applied through banishment, confiscations, illegal detentions and harassment and surveillance of the families of journalists working in exile.

The outlook, the report warns, is of greater silence about social issues.

Nicaraguan journalists conduct interviews under risk of persecution or criminalization, denounced several reporters in San José, Costa Rica, in August 2023. CREDIT: José Mendieta / IPS

Nicaraguan journalists conduct interviews under risk of persecution or criminalization, denounced several reporters in San José, Costa Rica, in August 2023. CREDIT: José Mendieta / IPS

According to the report, between 2018 and the end of 2022, 54 media outlets disappeared, including 31 radio stations, 15 television channels and eight print media outlets. Of that total, 16 media outlets were confiscated, including La Prensa, the country’s main daily newspaper.

“Sources, even under conditions of anonymity, are harder and harder to find, and the saddest thing is that the State, through its officials, continues to be the main victimizer of citizens’ rights of expression and journalists’ press rights,” Medrano complained.

The non-governmental Human Rights Collective Nicaragua Nunca Más, made up of human rights defenders and activists in exile, states that the Ortega-Murillo administration “has carried out an unprecedented attack on freedom of expression in this country.”

The organization reports that of 28 resolutions of precautionary measures for journalists in Latin America, which have been issued since 2018 by the IACHR on freedom of expression, 15 have been issued for Nicaragua.

However, it says that “none of the precautionary measures” have been complied with by the State and, on the contrary, harassment against the targets has increased.

“And that reveals to us the seriousness of the problem of a small country with disproportionate and unacceptable restrictions on fundamental freedoms,” said one of the agency’s advocates, on condition of anonymity for security reasons.

These complaints find no responses within Nicaragua, because with the exception of Murillo, no one is authorized to answer, but can simply repeat the official discourse: “Nicaragua lives in peace and security.”

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International Women’s Day, 2024Progress Hinges on Feminist Leadership

Civil Society, Democracy, Editors’ Choice, Featured, Gender, Global, Headlines, Human Rights, IPS UN: Inside the Glasshouse, TerraViva United Nations

Opinion

The following opinion piece is part of series to mark International Women’s Day, March 8.

PORT LOUIS, Mauritius, Mar 4 2024 (IPS) – Investing in inclusion requires more than electing and initiating women leaders. It requires a coordinated effort to change mindsets and systematically increase investments. This will allow feminist leaders, individually and collectively, to fully exercise their agency and counter targeted attacks on their safety and legitimacy.


A great deal of attention has been paid to the accomplishments of women in politics and society in recent years. Joan Carling, Francia Marquez, Maria Ressa, Amira Osman Hamed, and Narges Mohammadi have received global accolades for their vision and fearless activism.

Amid the pandemic, women leaders like Jacinda Ardern, Sanna Marin, Tsai Ing-Wen, and Angela Merkel outpaced their strongman counterparts by leading complex responses. During this period, the UN achieved gender parity in its senior leadership, including its national missions and peace operations, for the first time in history.

The leadership of women has been visible not just in institutions but also on the streets. Across the world, women human rights defenders have acted boldly for change despite severe restrictions. Movements such as #MeToo, #FreeSaudiWomen, #NiUnaMenos and #AbortoLegalYa are examples of women advancing systemic change for equality and justice. Women led peaceful demonstrations and civil disobedience actions as part of the Sudan uprising in 2018.

In 2022, the killing of Mahsa Amini sparked a large-scale and intersectional uprising for democracy. Across borders, Iranians demonstrated for ‘Women, Life, Freedom.’ They hit home the point our societies are incomplete if women are denied the right to participate in political, economic, and societal activities fully.

While the United States made headlines with its Supreme Court ruling restricting abortion rights in 2022, other countries like Ireland, San Marino, Colombia, and Mexico have turned the tide. They legalized abortion following years of struggling for their right to choose.

An uphill battle

Despite these achievements, there has been no respite in the attacks targeting women’s rights and their leadership. Civic space has never been worse since the launch of CIVICUS Monitor in 2018. 118 countries now face serious civic space restrictions. Only 2.1 percent of the world’s population lives in countries with open civic space. Intimidation, protest disruption, and detentions of protesters were the top violations documented in 2023.

These repressive strategies are extensively used to push back against women’s and LGBTQI+ people’s rights. Gender and sexuality remain at the centre of a culture war waged by a well-organised and funded international network of anti-rights forces leveraging these issues for political advantage.

South Korea’s national election in 2022 stands out as an example of how disinformation distorted the public and policy discourse against women’s rights. In his campaign, South Korea’s president-elect, Yoon Suk Yeol, actively legitimized the notion that moderate advances in gender equality were responsible for young men’s struggles in the current labour market. He pledged to abolish the Ministry for Gender Equality and Family and promised to increase punishments for the offence of making a false claim of sexual assault, a move likely aimed at making it harder for women to report real crimes.

But women are fighting back, in South Korea and elsewhere. Despite relentless anti-rights disinformation campaigns and owing to multi-year advocacy efforts, Indonesians passed a Sexual Violence Bill to criminalise forced marriage and sexual abuse and enhance protections for victims. In Spain, a new Law on the Guarantee of Sexual Freedom, based on the principle of consent, was passed to challenge widespread impunity for sexual and gender-based violence.

Women made up less than 34 percent of country negotiating teams at the COP27 climate conference, and only seven of the 110 world leaders were present. In response, gender equality was featured as a key theme during the COP28 climate conference last year.

A ‘Decision on Gender and Climate Change’, which lays the basis for future advancement of gender equality and women’s rights in future COP processes was adopted and 68 parties endorsed a Gender-Responsive Just Transitions & Climate Action Partnership, which includes a package of commitments on finance, data and equal opportunities.

Feminist leaders

In the recent past, several countries have elected or inaugurated their first-ever female political leaders. This includes Tanzania’s Samia Suluhu Hassan, Honduras’s Xiomara Castro, Slovenia’s Natasa Pirc Musar, and Peru’s Dina Boluarte. In Australia, a newly elected progressive government included a record number of women and brought the welcome promise of a U-turn on its predecessor’s policies of climate denial.

And yet, other contexts have provided a stark reminder that female leadership isn’t necessarily a victory for women, especially when feminist leadership principles aren’t at the fore. Examples include Hungary’s first female President, Katalin Novak, a close ally of authoritarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and a staunch supporter of his anti-gender policies. Italy’s first woman Prime Minister, Giorgia Meloni, has also, unfortunately, loudly touted anti-feminist values.

For generations, women have been subjected to rules they’ve had no role in making. Women’s movements all over the world have experienced the frustration of unsuccessfully calling for laws that benefit women. They have been struck down by the countries’ legislative bodies, made up mostly of men. Globally, women still have only three-quarters of the legal rights afforded to men. They continue to be grossly underrepresented in the places where decisions are made on issues that deeply affect them.

Invest in a feminist future

According to UN data, feminist organizations receive only 0.13% of official development assistance. Only five percent of government aid is focused on tackling violence against women and girls, with no country on track to eradicate intimate partner violence by 2030. If current trends continue, more than 340 million women and girls will still live in extreme poverty by 2030.

Close to one in four will experience moderate or severe food insecurity and as many as 236 million more women and girls will be food-insecure under a worst-case climate scenario. While progress has been made in girls’ education, women’s share of workplace management positions is estimated to remain below parity, even by 2050.

When CIVICUS interviewed Terry Ince from the CEDAW Committee of Trinidad and Tobago, she highlighted, “Women are running but not necessarily winning. To win, they would need financial and coordination support. It is not just about being in the room, but at the table, contributing, being listened to and having their ideas examined, pushed forward and implemented.”

There is a lot left to do to ensure greater representation at all levels. Only four women have been elected as president of the UN General Assembly in its 76-year history. The UN has never had a woman Secretary-General.

The 2024 International Women’s Day arrives with women heavily impacted by conflicts, crises, democratic erosion, and anti-rights regression. On the 8th of March, women will take to the streets in solidarity with those experiencing the brunt of regression. We collectively resist and take action and celebrate victories scored thanks to longstanding struggles.

The struggle for justice and progress will continue until we realize the dream of a healthier, safer and equitable world for all. To make this reality come true, we must invest in women and feminist future.

Lysa John is Secretary-General of CIVICUS, a global alliance of over 15,000 members working to strengthen citizen participation and defend civic freedoms. She has championed human rights and international mobilisation for over twenty-five years, starting her journey with grassroots organisations in India and subsequently spearheading trans-national campaigns for governance accountability. Her former roles include working as Global Campaign Director for Save the Children and Head of Outreach for the UN panel that drafted the blueprint for the Sustainable Development Goals. She can be reached through her LinkedIn page or X handle: @lysajohnSA.

IPS UN Bureau

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Martyrs: Do they really matter?

When we talk of martyrs to many the first thing that comes to mind is the Christians who died for their belief in Jesus Christ and Christianity, and closer to Africa, the martyrs of Uganda, to which most catholic and Anglican churches and establishments derives their names to signify the importance of the actions of the martyrs such as St Kizzito, Charles Lwangwa , St Luke, St Denis among others.

But who is a martyr? To put it simply a martyr is somebody who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to comply, obey, and follow what they really believed in or a moral particular cause. Further explanation states that it is a person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political or a believable just cause. These should not be confused with rebellion although to a smaller extent it may link.

…. Martyrdom can be described also as a politically and spiritually explosive performance, done or that happens to achieve a justifiable end.

The questions I would like to ask and try to answer is, do martyrs really matter, are they worthy really remembering, are they worthy to be put in the annuls of history. ? And by extension to the above questions do our own martyr’s closer home Malawi matter worth spending time and thinking about.

 I believe they matter. Take for example our own martyrs of Malawi, as 3rd March was declared a public holiday to remember them. In fact, one would wonder whether martyrs matter anymore and whether the day 3rd March is relevant after this long time?, since what the martyrs died for was their own choice, however going deep into the matter one would have a different opinion and surmise that the event should be used to address many more serious national issues and celebrated as a national event.

It should be noted from the outset that John Chilembwe and his uprising of 1915 is considered as the first Independence Martyr.

The Chilembwe uprising was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, who was educated in America and had seen black American way of life and their struggles. The uprising was based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in Chilazulo. It was centred on the black middle class and encouraged by grievances against the colonial system, including forced labour commonly known as Thangata, discrimination and the new demands on the indigenous population caused by the outbreak of World War I. It is recorded that 40 people were executed by the Police and many more arrested in the revolt aftermath.

Although the rebellion did not itself achieve lasting success, it is commonly cited as a watershed moment in Nyasaland history. The rebellion had lasting effects on the British system of administration in Nyasaland and some reform was enacted in its aftermath.

Today, the uprising of 1915 is celebrated annually and Chilembwe himself is considered a national hero and martyr. The climax of this discussion being the martyrs of 1959 mostly those who died in Nkhatabay.

Over the years Malawians have had different views on this day and issue (martyrs day) some positive for the day others negative, for example on 3rd March 2016 during an interview – Veteran Politician Robson Chirwa decried Martyrs Day’s loss of its significance.

“Well Kamuzu was a disciplinarian and he knew what this day meant to the Malawi nation … “My plea is that this day should be declared as a National Day of Mourning as it was the case … Very few can do that in the current political world.’  To this end he was simply signifying that martyrs do matter in society and Malawi in particular.

However, others have the view that it is a waste of time to remember the fallen martyrs, as they believe things could have changed anyway. (This category perhaps lacks details and a background why they the martyrs should matter ;).

Malawians had been living under oppression under laws that were against their favor as owners of the land and they started mobilizing themselves to seek justice and freedom.

In retaliation, the British Government  arrested Malawians “Operation Sunrise was the name given to a police and military action conducted by the authorities in the Central African country of Nyasaland (now known as Malawi) on March 3, 1959 to detain and intern 350 individuals who were considered a potential threat to law and order. Thirty-three innocent people lost their lives on this particular day and by 4th March several Malawians were arrested and detained.

The British government was calling for tolerance to which the people tolerated all they could but after some time they said enough was enough. Personally, I find it unreasonable for the British to expect from Malawians  tolerance and win win situations what they were entirely unwilling to give.

To further signify the importance of the martyrs, in 2015 third March, martyrs’ day was commemorated in Nkhata Bay district and the day was a Tuesday. To show that Malawi still considers the martyrs with a strong conviction and that they matter a call for, the then Malawi’s colonial master, Britain was asked to compensate 33 families whose relatives died after being massacred by colonial forces in Nkhata Bay district.

At a somber ceremony which was graced by Minister of Finance, Economic Planning and Development, late Dr. Goodall Gondwe as guest of honor, Nkhata Bay Central parliamentarian Ralph Mhone then  asked Britain to compensate the families of the deceased since it is their authorities then who commissioned the massacre of the 33 people.

“The 33 deceased families here are mourning year in and year out. As you all might be aware, in the process of killing their relatives, they created a lot of challenges to families because some of those killed were bread winners.

“It should also be borne in mind that apart from creating economic and social challenges to such families, the mere fact that they were innocently killed warrants compensation from those responsible,” said Mhone.

The parliamentarian further asked Malawi Government to take the MV Mpasa ship to Nkhata Bay district. The ship was used by colonial masters to detain the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) supporters on 3 March 1959, a situation which prompted a mob of Malawians to angrily call for their release and resultant massacre.

Efforts have been made or rather are still being made to make sure the martyrs are compensated for they died for a cause.

To this end Malawians of goodwill must feel that actions through death were necessary to their cause, furthering the truth and their sacrifices cannot be simply a private matter between themselves and their deity, but to the nation as a whole.

It is a fact that with the passing of time things do change and facts become twisted to suit a particular sect of society for their selfish ends but the fact still remains that the issues happened that qualify the victims to be martyrs and to be in the pages of the history of Malawi as issues that matter.

To know that they really matter perhaps we need to see it in the rights and privileges we enjoy today as a people of Malawi their self-belief shaped the course of the nation.

It should not be looked  upon as an occasion for complacent acquiescence that sits uneasily with martyrdom. Further to that, we need to see in the action of the  martyrs an opening up of the possibility of a deeper understanding of what peace and freedoms are, that peace and freedom are not inevitable, but often come at a cost and heavy price as paid by the 1915 uprising of Chilazulo and the 1959 massacre in Nkhatabay.

This is not only  a cost paid first and foremost by a God who loves us so much that he died for us on the cross, but is also paid by his followers who are prepared to follow in his steps, to offer up their lives to uphold the peace and freedom of their own consciences and so to protect the peace and freedom of ours. It is no dispute that their selfless act in making sure their voices were heard makes us proud and proud we must be.

In times of concord and merry making, at least some of us risk forgetting the martyrs in the sense that really matters, but in so doing we risk forgetting the cost that has been paid for our peace and freedom and so risk devaluing the peace and freedom we enjoy. We thank God for the grace of all martyrs, and let us celebrate our peace and our freedom with something of the gratitude that they deserve.

Further to that, to show that we care and that they matter, every year prayers remembering the martyrs are held and the day is a public holiday. Memorial pillars have been erected to signify the importance of the martyrs.

Did they die in vain, did they shed blood in vain? are we wasting out our energies in remembering them? Should we remember them as foot soldiers? In my view they did not die in vain. It is therefore important that they be remembered every year and perhaps a video documentary be done for future generations to understand what it was.

In conclusion, it is my considered view that the martyrs really matter as the events of March 1959 triggered the wheels of change. This should be noted that it was the last straw that broke the camel’s back as from that moment the colonial masters knew that there was no turning back discussions started of giving freedom to the owners of the land. This then means the martyrs did not die in vain.

The question is would we have done the same if we were in their shoes? Would we have continued to chicken out, or we would have sacrificed our lives for future generations?

By Stevie Kauka

The author is a Fellow of IPMM who writes on various topics in his own personal capacity

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The Pandemics of Mass Destruction: A Comparative Analysis of HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Introduction

Globally, humans have suffered, experienced, and endured deadly pestilences over the centuries. Historically, the worst pandemics ever recorded in the world include the 14th-century Black Death, the Spanish and Indian flu, HIV/AIDs, the plague, the various waves of Cholera, and Ebola,1–3 and the most recent novel coronavirus – SARs-CoV-2, commonly known as COVID-19.4 These among others have been a great threat to humanity from one generation to another, with their impact being massive loss of lives, economic losses, social and racial stigma among other health-related ills.1,2 Nonetheless, with credence to the inquisitive human mind, through science and technology, researchers and healthcare practitioners have tirelessly and effectively worked on vaccines and treatment plans to save lives.

This paper aims to compare selected aspects of the coronavirus and HIV/AIDS. It is beyond the scope of this paper to cover every aspect of these diseases. Therefore, our focus will be on the following components: their etiology and epidemiology; response and treatment; myths, misconceptions, and conspiracies associated with the two diseases; and their impact. From these aspects, we shall provide a candid discussion on the similarities and differences, and henceforth draw insightful lessons on how to prepare for and respond to pandemics in the future.

Before delving into the core issues, we briefly bring to the fore how these diseases unfolded into the global scene. On March the 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic, after the virus had spread to 114 countries, infecting more than 120,000 and killing over 4000 people worldwide.5–7 This was in the early days of the disease outbreak, but its imminent danger was being felt. This is because, as evidenced by international organization reports and eclectic research studies, viral infections were spreading too quickly, perhaps due to human movements and interactions across the globe.3,4,7 With the perceived or real danger of the disease, scientists and significant others were putting resources and knowledge together to move with speed to strategically mitigate the spread and counter the mushrooming of misinformation, and disinformation that had become rampant in social media, hampering public health efforts across the globe.4,7 An outbreak that was seen as one country’s (China) problem, like wildfires became a global health emergency and placed the world at a standstill for almost two years. By 22nd August 2023, COVID-19 was associated with over 769.77 million cases, and over 6.95 million deaths worldwide.4,8

As intimated earlier, COVID-19 like other pandemics is riddled with a myriad of myths and conspiracy theories. For instance, a study in Ethiopia reported that protection from the virus was placed on religiosity and the effectiveness of consuming some food items, being exposed to hot weather, using traditional medicine, and alcohol drinking.9 In addition to these, 36.9% of the respondents held false assurances that they were living far away from areas where COVID-19 was rampant, and no local cases were reported.9 Inarguably, this posed a danger of exposure to the virus by failing to adhere to the public health regulations. A quantitative study investigating the perceptions of respondents on various aspects of COVID-19 found the following;

the novel coronavirus is deadly (83.3%), hand sanitizers do kill the virus (67.5%), face mask offer protection against the virus (55.8%), drying the hands with a hand dryer helps to prevent the virus (44.2%), coronavirus affect only the elderly (95%), the virus can spread by mosquito bites (87.5%), antibiotics are effective for treatment (60%) and homemade remedies can cure the coronavirus. (54. 2%)10

These statistics indicate indeed that there was a sense of confusion, misinformation, and conspiracies about the disease, which we believe impacted either positively or negatively in responding to and managing of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The question of how some of these theories helped people to cope with the disease remains an opportunity for further research. It is of paramount importance to explore these misconceptions and keep the public fully educated and informed about the facts of a pandemic outbreak to protect themselves.

Comparatively, while the COVID-19 outbreak was first reported in China and illusionary perceived as a Chinese disease, HIV/AIDS is attributed to the African continent. Mythically, HIV/AIDS was perceived as a “black peril” and debates that Africans as a racial segmentation were more susceptible to the virus were part of public discourse for years.11–13 Just like COVID-19, the early years of the HIV/AIDs outbreak were characterized by denial, fear, confusion and high levels of ignorance, which were reflected in the inconsistent explanations about the origins and transmission of the disease, as demonstrated in other sections of this paper. Apparently, misconceptions about HIV transmission are still prevalent, despite significant efforts in creating public awareness, available medication, and scientific evidence about the epidemiology of the disease.14 Previous studies from, Kenya, South Africa, Ghana and Indonesia reported misconceptions such as HIV could be spread through mosquito bites, touching an infected person, a healthy-looking person cannot be HIV positive, HIV can be cured by having intercourse with a virgin, eating fresh vegetables, and making ancestral sacrifices.15–19 It is against this backdrop that, curious questions remain as to who or what is responsible for these pandemics’ outbreaks, how and why the public responds in the way they do, and how best can the public respond to future pandemics among others. This paper compares selected aspects of the two pandemics to understand the similarities and differences and draw insightful lessons on pandemic outbreaks to inform public healthcare interventions.

Problems Statement

The history of mankind has been confronted by unprecedented disasters including health-related pandemics. Pandemics in the past and even in the modern dispensation have massive effects on the human species. Recent pandemics such as Coronavirus and HIV/AIDS have caused millions of deaths,20 economic losses,7,21–23 societal disintegration and perfidious impacts on mental health.24,25 Moreover, these diseases create fear, uncertainty, stigma, and labelling among individuals, families, communities, and countries. A recent study revealed that people tend to avoid contact with individuals affected with COVID-19 (74.3%) or AIDS (59.0%), including their family members (70.4% for COVID-19 and 47.9% for AIDS).26 Irrefutably, the implications for the fear of contagion are avoidance, blame, and secondary discrimination, which may stifle the efforts by governments and the World Health Organization in combating the pandemics.

However, through significant scientific breakthroughs in terms of discovering and developing vaccines, and social measures such as quarantines, countries have been able to combat the spread of viruses, hence saving lives. However, despite these milestones, the COVID-19 pandemic has tested and challenged countries’ healthcare systems as well as administrative structures that are not yet holistically prepared and resourced to detect, predict, and control the spread of pandemics. Therefore, as alluded to by other researchers, there is a need to focus on developing better ways to prevent the emergence of new pandemics and creating a holistic response system around the globe.2

The public health messaging of pandemics is of paramount importance to effectively and efficiently respond to and manage the impacts of diseases. Research indicates that information on pandemics such as COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS are marred and muddled by misinformation, misconceptions, disinformation, conspiracies, and myths from different sources such as social media, all rendering the efforts to combat the disease less effective.7,26 A study by Olson and Nelson indicates some conspiracies about COVID-19 as being a group of elites using COVID-19 to gain power (new world order debate); the COVID-19 virus is not more contagious than the flu; the 5 G networks and technology being the cause of the disease; and that the virus was produced in a lab in Wuhan China among others.7

On the other hand, even after HIV/AIDS has been in the public domain for decades, the latest studies continue to show misconceptions and dominant myths about the disease.27,28 This is detrimental to the prevention and management programs towards the elimination of the virus. Therefore, demystifying misconceptions and mythical nuances about pandemics and epidemics is unequivocally vital in averting the health hazards to healthcare providers, the public, and loss of financial resources for any country. Thus, comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus, for instance, is fundamental for behavior change and uptake of recommendable healthcare services.

Materials and Methods

The origins and impacts of pandemics are multifaceted. For instance, HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus have economic, social, health, political, religious, and technological dimensions. This means to understand these aspects different research approaches such as quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods should be used.29–31 This paper adopted a discourse analysis, a sub-method of qualitative research to compare selected aspects between COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS pandemics. Although COVID-19 is a recent pandemic compared to HIV/AIDS, which spans close to half a century, the two diseases appear to have some interesting commonalities that prompt or motivate a research investigation. Through a literature search, no straightforward publications comparing the two pandemics were found; hence this paper seeks to address that gap. However, there is a plethora of literature on these pandemics, thus providing adequate information to conduct a comparative analysis. Notably, this is not a systematic review, but a discourse analysis of various literatures to inform discussions driving to a meaningful conclusion on the subject. The primary research paradigms informing this analysis are the pragmatism and interpretivism paradigms.29,31 These paradigms are critical in analyzing and understanding social issues from multiple lenses in social settings. This is useful in this paper that entails, the health, social, economic, and political dynamics of diseases.

The paper utilized journal articles published in the English language, from across the world. These articles used quantitative, qualitative, and review methods. These multiple methods provide confidence that the information reported in this paper is valid, verifiable, and reliable. The articles and other relevant information from credible organizations such as the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were searched using words and statements such as COVID −19; HIV, AIDS, myths about HIV, myths about COVID-19; vaccines on COVID-19; origin of COVID-19/HIV/AIDS, treatment, and management of HIV/AIDS/ COVID −19 etc. Google Scholar was the main source of these articles.

The analysis focused on comparing aspects such etiology and epidemiology of the pandemics, myths and conspiracies, response and treatment, and economic and social impacts among others. Unearthing the similarities and differences, either behavioral or medical, was imperative in drawing insightful and informative lessons on current and future preparedness for response and management of pandemics of mass destruction.

Limitations

This paper focused on comparing two pandemics whose lifespans are different in various contexts. The major limitation of this analysis is that it has not compared regions such as Africa, Asia, Europe, and America to indicate variations in the various aspects and impact of the diseases. Perhaps, such findings would indicate how different communities respond and manage outbreaks of pandemics. As such the findings are more inclined to the African contexts. Nonetheless, the findings are insightful on the impact and other characteristics of the pandemics across the globe.

Findings

Aetiology and Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS

It is important to understand the genesis of diseases and how they spread across populations. Such knowledge and understanding expedites their effective and efficient interventions. The term aetiology refers to the origin and causes of diseases or factors that predispose towards certain diseases; while epidemiology, on the other hand, focuses on public health issues, the appropriate responses, interventions, and solutions.3,32 The early cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in the 1980s in humans and were associated with a type of ape (Chimpanzee) in Central Africa, where people are believed to have encountered the animals through hunting in the late 1800s.3 This implies that the human socioeconomic activities of hunting and gathering wild fruits might have predisposed them to the chimpanzee’s simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which is believed to have mutated intoHIV.3 Notably, therefore, there are possibilities that people lived with virus for quite a long time before it was scientifically discovered.

HIV is mainly transmitted from person to person through blood or body fluids, sexual intercourse, and breastfeeding.20,33 HIV attacks the body’s immune system and progresses to AIDS if the immune system is severely weakened.20,33,34 As of the year 2022, 39 million people were living with HIV/AIDS, and over 40 million had died globally since the onset of the virus.20 Notably, the African continent has been hardly hit, with statistics indicating that 3.2% of the population was living with the virus in 2022.20,34 Perhaps, a sharp difference between HIV/AIDS and coronavirus is their gestation period, meaning the time it takes from inception to attain a full-blown status. HIV/AIDS has a longer gestation period of 7–10 years if no interception of ARVs occurs, while coronavirus has a very shorter gestation period of between 7–14 days. This means one can succumb to death after the 14th day from the time the virus got into one’s body.35

Etiology and Epidemiology of Coronavirus

Just like HIV/AIDS, the outbreak of COVID-19 is attributed to animals. The genesis of COVID-19 is believed to be a zoonotic transmission associated with animals such as bats and pangolins in a Chinese seafood market.36–38 Credible scientific evidence shows that bats and pangolins have a gene sequence like SARs-Cov-2 at 96.2% and 99% respectively.38 Therefore, these animals are strongly believed to be the source of coronavirus disease.39 The transmission, however, remains to be person-to-person accounting for the widespread of the disease across the globe in a short period.36,40

COVID-19 patients manifest clinical features such as fever, cough, fatigue, dyspnoea and conjunctivitis, to mention but a few, varying from asymptomatic to symptomatic.41–43 Other patients reported loss of senses such as taste and smell.44 Research shows that the mean incubation period of COVID-19 is three to nine days, with an asymptomatic period lasting for fourteen days.36,37 The clinical diagnosis includes physical examination, nucleic acid detection, and CT imaging among others (Ullah et al, 2021).

The Myths and Conspiracy Theories on HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 Pandemics

Myths consist of narratives that influence people’s everyday lives. Myths are usually endorsed or dispelled by political leaders, community rulers, and religious personalities among others, and they shape people’s beliefs on various lifestyles.45 Thus, cultural, political, and religious beliefs have a significant impact on the public’s mindset in a particular region or country.45 Myths related to various pandemics have been prevalent from time to time, and it takes decisive interventions to demystify them through an evidence-based approach. In the current dispensation, myths about pandemics are shared widely and easily from one person to another, a human behavior that has been catapulted by the plethora of social media platforms and mobile phone technology. Myths about pandemics can be very dangerous, as they can lead to over-complacency or other health hazards.46

Myths and Conspiracy Theories About COVID-19

The onset of global pandemics such as COVID-19 is characterised by the diffusion of misinformation about the virus, its origins, and effective prevention and treatment strategies. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, researchers have investigated and recorded numerous myths and false theories about the disease. For instance, a study by Coffie, Nkukpornu, Kankam and Ocloo identified that the study participants believed COVID-19 is a disease for white people and not black people; the disease only attacks and kills people living in cold regions; the African blood is immune to coronavirus; the disease is not real, it is stage managed; taking alcohol, ginger, garlic and exposing oneself to hot temperatures can prevent or cure COVID-19.47 The conspiracy theories around COVID-19 also include the impact of advancement in technology, with the 5G mobile network being perceived as a cause of the pandemic, and that the vaccine would change the human DNA.48 Moreover, there are false theories about the vaccine containing a microchip, that would be used to control people’s lives using a 5G network. Thus, the vaccines were perceived to have the potential to cause infertility and being used as a bioweapon against black people.38,48

To counter all these myths and conspiracies, the World Health Organization prepared and released shareable infographics about the disease, more especially on prevention to debunk the misconceptions.4 However, despite this, research indicates that exposure to correct graphic information did not affect misperceptions about the prevention of COVID-19.49 This shows how people quickly get entrenched in false information, perhaps due to fear, and such information being first-hand, before the correct public health information publication. Regrettably, misinformation, misconceptions and misperceptions pose serious challenges in the management of infectious diseases. Indubitably, they derail the uptake of vaccines, treatment, and other preventative behaviors such as social distancing, masking, or quarantine procedures.49 Consequently, the control and management of the viruses becomes expensive and mortality rates increase.

As alluded to earlier, religious beliefs influence how people respond to pandemics. A study on myths about COVID-19 in the United States of America revealed that Christian nationalism was negatively associated with COVID-19 vaccine confidence and negatively related to the odds of COVID-19 vaccine uptake.50 Their study concluded that Christian nationalism was one of the strongest predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and was negatively associated with having received or planning to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.50 This behavior is not unique in America, but prevalent in other continents such as Africa, where church leaders and personalities perceived COVID-19 as a demonic attack, and the mark of the beast described in the Bible, hence urging people to shun away from the vaccines. Despite the virtues associated with Christianity, Christian nationalism has been antagonistic to science in matters of vaccine, and reproductive health (modern birth controls) among other contentious issues.50

The presence of myths, conspiracies and disinformation results in serious health, social and economic ramifications as people tend to gain a false sense of security of being immune to the infection, hence exposure to high-risk situations. Myths associated with pandemics mainly prevail around causation, disease transmission, and cure. Inopportunely, public stigma is embedded in mythical thinking, hence shaping the behavior of people towards the disease and those infected.46

Myths and Conspiracies About HIV/AIDS

Just like the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV/AIDS has had an equal share of myths, especially among the black African populace.51 Previous studies have documented various HIV/AIDS myths and misconceptions aligned to racial segmentation, cultural, political, religious, and sexual behavioral lenses. The racial myths include HIV being manufactured by whites to reduce the black African population; and HIV being caused by supernatural forces or witchcraft.17,52 A cross-sectional study on HIV/AIDS in South Africa indicated that a misconception that “witchcraft plays a role in HIV transmission” was significantly related to less positive attitudes about condoms, less belief in condom effectiveness for HIV prevention, and lower intentions to use condoms among men.17 The study also reported that the misconception that “vitamins and fresh fruits and vegetables can cure AIDS” was associated with lower intentions among men to use condoms.17 Their study further revealed that women who linked HIV/AIDS to witchcraft had a higher likelihood of unprotected sex with a main partner; and that ARVS were poisonous and made people sick.17 This is a relatively similar scenario to the COVID-19 vaccine rollout across the globe but with more hesitancy in Africa.4 Thus, these misconceptions and mythical thinking hampered effective HIV/AIDS prevention measures in African settings.

In America, various studies undertaken in the early 1990s revealed genocidal misconceptions associated with HIV/AIDS among the Black American population.53–55 Moreover, other studies have revealed racial-based and cultural-based misconceptions, where the black population had a false belief that their White counterparts were responsible for the contagious epidemics and pandemics.56–59 Arguably, this presents serious racial illusions and delusions about the diseases, a behavior that stifles public health interventions towards effective prevention, management and treatment of HIV/AIDS. The contemporary myths and misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, like the case of COVID-19, are primarily on disease causation, mode of transmission and the effects of the virus on human populations.59 A critical analysis of these myths indicates that they are rooted in political history (racial mistrust), sociocultural values and religious ethos, all shaping how people perceive life challenges and the source of solutions.

For instance, the perceptions that HIV was created by whites to annihilate populations in sub-Saharan Africa elucidate some of the sociopolitical tensions and feelings of malevolence embedded in memories of imperialism and the colonial era.57 On the other hand, the perceptions that HIV/AIDS is caused by supernatural spirits mirror the deep African traditional view that diseases without cures are a result of malicious spiritual attacks.60 These metaphysical perceptions extend further to bring some sense of self-guilty that HIV/AIDS infection is a consequence of violating some moral codes that regulate sexual activities, hence the punishment from God or gods for sexual promiscuity.60 From a morality point of view, HIV/AIDS was perceived as the disease of homosexuals.61 Even though research indicates a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among gays and lesbians,62–64 the mythical perceptions that the disease is for homosexuals create an environment of vulnerability to infections among other segments of the population. Irrefutably, research has shown that these misconceptions and myths undermine the effective and efficient delivery of HIV/AIDS prevention and management interventions in the world.

Response to the HIV/AIDS & COVID-19 Pandemics

Generally, pandemics are sporadic, and every disease is different from another. With such unpredictability of outbreaks, governments and international health organizations adopt a reactive approach to intervene. The response to pandemics includes activities such as creating awareness, prevention (could be through vaccinations, personal hygiene, restrictions or using protective gear such as condoms for HIV or masks for COVID-19), and treatment. Basically, at the onset of the pandemic, there are no clear methods of prevention, vaccines, and treatment plans. Resultantly, the prevention measures are hurriedly designed like in the case of COVID-19 which included maintaining social distancing, using masks, hand washing and sanitizing.38 Research shows that the adoption of protective health behaviors such as personal hygiene, social distancing and wearing of masks slows down the transmission of COVID-19.65 Although the efficiency of these preventive measures is low, the COVID-19 vaccines were approved for use within a short period with the hope of higher efficacy.4 The vaccine uptake, however, was faced with hesitancy on the basis of safety and the institutions manufacturing them.38,66 Nonetheless, the vaccines for COVID-19 were availed within a short scope of time, while the HIV/AIDS vaccine is yet to be confirmed. The quick response in providing vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic sparked informal racial debates in some African-Black communities that their White counterparts were quick to save their lives through vaccines, whereas HIV/AIDS has been there for decades without a potent vaccine. Perhaps, this is why COVID-19 was politicised by some presidents such as the late Tanzanian president Magufuli,67,68 and the former US president Donald Trump.7 While the Tanzanian president Magufuli denied the existence of COVID-19 and its devastating effects while insinuating that it was laboratory produced,67 Donald Trump castigated lockdowns and the restrictions as activities against human rights hence downplaying the seriousness of the pandemic.7

These political utterances about the COVID-19 pandemic preventative measures catalysed citizens to believe that public health measures were an impingement upon their freedoms and that doing independent treatments or preventative measures, were appropriate. These utterances perceptively presented hegemonic ideologies confusing the truth of the disease, and endorsement of the myths that some elites and powerful sovereignties were trying to use COVID-19 for political control.7 Similarly, a former South African president has been recorded for being a famous HIV/AIDS denialist.69–71 His utterances of denial as the then sitting president, that HIV does not cause AIDS and deaths is attributed to massive deaths in South Africa and affected the access and update of ARVs. Therefore, when senior government leaders become agents of disinformation and misinformation, the public healthcare efforts in responding to the pandemics through awareness, vaccination and treatment are severely undermined.

The Impact of COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS

Indubitably, every pandemic has a serious impact on health, social, economic, and political systems. In this section, we focus on the social and economic impact of these pandemics. Socially, COVID-19 brought about stigma and stigmatisation among individuals and communities. A study on stigma related to COVID-19 shows that survivors were stigmatised (60.82%), and the disease intensified social rejection, financial insecurity, internalised shame, and social isolation.72 This stigma was not only meted towards the survivors but also the family members and spouses. Consequently, the loss of life, economic losses, and stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic led to depressive conditions, which further affected people’s health.72

All pandemics have pecuniary implications that have significant effects on the national and global fiscal and financial budgets. This is because with the outbreak of pandemics, the financial commitments burgeon and become a serious burden for countries. Researchers have delineated the pecuniary concerns associated with COVID-19 to be costs to the health system, both public and private. They include medical treatment of the infected and strain to health care systems to deal with extra routine health issues.73 Moreover, emergency events, quarantines, and social distancing measures impacted on the financial markets.73,74 Additionally, the public health responses such as awareness programs, testing and quarantine, and income support packages placed extra financial burdens on government and philanthropic institutions.73 As a result of lockdowns and related restrictions, many people lost employment, which affected economic productivity and income levels from households to national levels through loss of foreign direct investment.74 On the other hand, HIV/AIDS has cost nations and international organizations billions of money on medication (ARVS), condoms and awareness campaigns.20

Discussion

Pandemics have negatively impacted humans from ancient days to the current dispensation. The magnitude and the impacts of the pandemics have had different scales, from the loss of human life to economic and social disruptions. Of great interest is what lessons we draw from these pandemics for better preparation in the future. This is important to depart from a false sense of disease normalisation and blinding prospects for the future. This paper focused on four aspects of COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS pandemics, which are the etiology and epidemiology, myths and conspiracies associated with pandemics, response to the pandemics and the economic impact. The analysis discovered some similarities and differences that are outlined in this section.

Firstly, the analysis revealed that the genesis of these two pandemics is associated with animals, and then transmitted from person to person. HIV/AIDS is attributed to human interactions or contact with apes in central Africa, while COVID-19 is attributed to bats and pangolins in China. Geographically, HIV/AIDS is traced in Africa, while COVID-19 is traced in Asia – China. Apparently, the interactions between humans and animals through hunting for food and the trade of exotic pets harbour potential risks of spillover of zoonotic pathogens. This implies that the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases are likely to be common in the future due to increased human activities and their effects on the environment. Therefore, institutions and centres concerned with public healthcare globally should equip themselves for such eventualities in the future.

The analysis revealed that both pandemics were marred with misinformation, misconceptions, disinformation, myths, and conspiracies. All these were around causations, racial extermination, and prevention and treatment. Notably, in both pandemics, there were misconceptions that the whites were on a secret agenda to exterminate the blacks through incurable diseases and holding back treatment. These views were more prominent in Africa and other mixed-racial continents such as Asia and America. The tendency for information, including false information to spread is increasingly enabled by technological advancements and access to social media.75 Most people are likely to believe the information they receive from social media without even a sense of verification; hence an apparent behavior of endorsing myths is seen in this analysis. Considering the pernicious ramifications of spreading false information about HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 through social media and other platforms, it is essential to explore and counter such behaviors.

Generally, conspiracy theories can surge when societies are in moments of crisis such as during a rapid political change, natural disasters, and disease outbreaks as witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic.75 Research on why people might hold on conspiracy beliefs suggests that is a result of a vacuum, when important psychological needs are not being met, such as experiences of anxiety, uncertainty, and threats.76 Arguably, therefore, if conspiracy beliefs address psychological needs, the motivation to endorse them is justified as a remedy. Contrary to this, however, a different study revealed that conspiracy beliefs do not reduce anxiety, uncertainty aversion, or existential threat, but increase these negative feelings.77 Nonetheless, emerging research demonstrates that appealing positives of conspiracy endorsement are overshadowed by evidence of the dangerous consequences of these beliefs.78,79

Misinformation that promotes false preventives or cures can hinder necessary behaviors to reduce the spread of diseases.49 For instance, a South African study shows that HIV/AIDS stigma in South Africa is driven by ignorance about the AIDS etiology and epidemiology, weaker campaign infrastructure in the rural areas, poverty of the people, denialism, and myths.28 In the same vein, a study in Ghana indicated that respondents with high knowledge of how HIV may be transmitted, highly educated, and wealthier had lower tendencies to endorse myths about the disease, compared to the less educated and poorer ones.18 Indeed, myths and misconceptions are significant factors influencing people’s behavior towards the disease. Previous studies have found that the youths who endorsed HIV and AIDS myths experienced their sexual debut much earlier, and were more sexually active, and more likely not to use condoms compared to those rejecting such myths.60,80 Similar evidence has been found among those who believed HIV/AIDS is transmitted through superstition and witchcraft.60,80,81 Similarly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, such behavior has been reported across the globe. Accordingly, the COVID-19 pandemic has been described as a pandemic mother of myths and conspiracies.7 This is because of the perceptions that a group of elites is using the COVID-19 crisis to gain power; the spread of COVID-19 is connected to 5 G networks and technology; and the virus behind COVID-19 was produced in a lab in Wuhan among others.7 This observation corroborates with Ullah, Khan, Tahir, Ahmed and Harapan study that lack of knowledge, false religious beliefs, anti-vaccine misinformation and disinformation have been attributed to COVID-19 hesitancy globally.38 Consequently, the outcomes are dreadful, hence the World Health Organization recognizes vaccine hesitancy as the world’s top threat to public safety in combating pandemics and epidemics.38

Incontrovertibly, clear understanding and high knowledge about multiple aspects of diseases are vital in dispelling myths and beliefs that hamper effective public health interventions. The importance is vividly supported by research indicating that individuals with a clear understanding of the scientific truths surrounding HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 transmission reject the myths and all misconceptions and misinformation embedded in them.38,60 As noted earlier in this paper, these myths and misconceptions remain a barrier to positive behavior change in communities prone to both epidemics and pandemics. To debunk myths and conspiracies about pandemics such as COVID-19, research suggests three approaches, which are question-answer format, fact-myth, and fact-only: with the question-answer approach being more effective than fact-myth in the longer term.82

The impact of COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS has a multifaceted dimension including psychological, social, economic, political and health outcomes. These pandemics are associated with pangs of stigma and stigmatisation towards patients, family members and healthcare workers associated with treating such diseases.28,38,60 Disease-related stigmatisation can lead to discrimination, marginalisation, and stereotyping, making victims vulnerable and therefore shunned from available public treatments and other interventions.

Economically, the impact of the two pandemics discussed in this paper unearths some economic paradoxes. While there were economic turndowns during COVID-19, due to loss of jobs, loss of life, low productivity, restrictions on movements, huge expenditure in purchasing protective gear, and other medical emergencies, there were unprecedented opportunities for markets to develop new products and services to combat the virus. For instance, the pharmaceutical industries had an opportunity to develop and manufacture vaccines, surgical masks, and oxygen, which were not in existence or in higher demand before the outbreak of the pandemic. Opportunely, COVID-19 provided a fortune for a segment of the economy, though amid global health agony. Similarly, HIV/AIDS has placed a serious burden on fiscal budgets in countries especially in Africa, eating into the budget share that would contribute to more economic development projects. Nonetheless, the disease has presented an opportunity for research in finding the cure, treatment, prevention, and advocacy activities that also attract economic value. Arguably, therefore, pandemics and epidemics have embedded negative and positive economic and market dynamics.

Conclusion

This paper compared selected aspects of the HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 pandemic. The study established some similarities in the etiology and epidemiology of the diseases, although the incubation periods differed significantly. The COVID-19 pandemic sporadically spread across the world, which triggered a speedy response and intervention as compared to HIV/AIDS. Of great interest, the two diseases are characterized by myths and conspiracies around origin, transmission and treatment that strongly influence human behaviors response to public health information. Perhaps, this indicates a lacuna among the structures responsible for information dissemination on disease outbreaks and control. The impact, though with relatively similar outcomes, seems to vary with HIV/AIDS being more severe, perhaps due to its longevity. The paper finds that the ability to access up-to-date health information and resources, and timely use is important for the management of pandemics and countering misleading mythical information about diseases. The analysis reveals eminent public panic and the quick spreading of false information about the diseases. The media and more especially the social media platforms being avenues of information sharing should be properly used and regulated to disseminate credible and verifiable information. Public health institutions and practitioners have a duty of demystifying all the myths and falsehoods associated with pandemics such as HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus, such that they are not used as reference points should such pandemics occur in the future. There is a need to increase the awareness of pandemic preparedness among communities around the world to avoid the extreme burden on healthcare systems. Governments around the world, international health organizations, and Centers for Disease Control must fully prepare for unprecedented pandemics in the future through vaccine development of infectious pandemics, and timely dissemination of public health awareness information.

Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the valuable inputs and comments from the reviewers and editors to improve the quality of this manuscript.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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