Assessing COVID-19 Pandemic-Era Vaccine Uptake and Adherence to Prevention Measures: A Comparative Analysis Among Men and Women Using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling in Central Uganda

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Background

Adherence to COVID-19 prevention guidelines and vaccination in most low-income countries is challenging due to widespread negative information dissemination.1–3 A variety of factors influence the adherence to COVID-19 protocols and vaccine acceptance across different populations, resulting in varying uptake rates.4

COVID-19 vaccines became available to a broader range of people over time, beyond those initially targeted by vaccination campaigns in most countries. However, with only 12% COVID-19 full vaccination rates by March 2022, it was estimated that Sub-Saharan Africa would need to increase its vaccination efforts by a factor of six in order to meet its mid-year vaccination targets.5 COVID-19 vaccination uptake is influenced by acceptance, trust, and willingness to receive vaccines.6 It has been proposed that in order to promote COVID-19 services response and vaccine uptake, it is necessary to assess the targeted populations’ knowledge of ways to reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19, vaccine uptake, willingness and hesitancy to accept vaccination, and the factors influencing such decisions.2

The COVID-19 vaccination program began in Uganda on March 3, 2021, nearly five months after the developed world began vaccination, and there has been no assessment of the COVID-19 response or vaccination status throughout the country.4 The purpose of this community-based survey was to determine adherence to COVID-19 standard operating procedures, the status of COVID-19 vaccination, and the reasons for vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in order to plan interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake in eight districts in central Uganda. The study also looked into what influenced respondents to accept or reject COVID-19 vaccination. All of this information is intended to guide the districts’ ongoing and future COVID-19 and other epidemic response planning of related nature.

The COVID-19 response and vaccination campaign are affected by a variety of factors, some of which are complex based on geographic, cultural, and settlement context, affecting vaccine coverage and other COVID-19 response services.7 These complex factors influencing the pandemic responses necessitate refining and contextualizing COVID-19 mitigation plans to the specific needs of geographical units identified as underperforming. As a result, evaluating existing response plans and determining the factors influencing response in the targeted communities is critical to informing any evidence-based changes needed to effectively address the pandemic. The Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) provides for differentiating between good and poor performance geographical areas, the reason for its choice in this study. This evaluation method was previously used to track the performance of routine immunization and other health services.8,9 It has also been used to assess factors influencing COVID-19 mitigation in Nigerian communities.10 This LQAS survey was employed to track the COVID-19 response on the assumption that the COVID-19 pandemic would impact on the HIV/AIDS pandemic response. As a result, Mildmay Uganda found it necessary to strengthen the districts’ COVID-19 response in order to avoid losing the gains made in districts where it has been implementing HIV/AIDS response interventions.

Methods

Study Design and Sampling

A cross-sectional community-based household survey was conducted in the districts of Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, Mubende, Kasanda, Mityana, Luwero, Nakaseke, and Nakasongola using the binomial LQAS methods. By combining geographical regions known as sub-counties, town councils (TC), or divisions, we stratified each district into five supervision areas (SAs), yielding 40 SAs (Table 1). The study targeted women aged 15–49 years and men aged 15 years or older (15+ years). Based on the classical LQAS principles11 with each district stratified into five supervision areas (SAs), a two-stage sampling plan was used to randomly select 19 villages/interview locations from each SA, yielding a district sample size of 95. A sample of 190 respondents was generated for each district for the two respondent groups, totaling 1,520 respondents for the eight districts.

Table 1 The Supervision Areas (SA) for All the 8 Districts

A random sample of 19 interview locations was drawn from each SA using a probability proportionate to size (PPS) based on projections from the 2014 Uganda population and housing census. This method ensured that the likelihood of sampling a village was proportional to the size of its population. We began by generating a list of villages from each SA, as well as the population of each village, and then calculated the cumulative population. A sampling interval (Si) was obtained by dividing the total SA population by 19 (the SA-level sample size). A random number between 1 and Si was chosen to determine the starting village. To select the second, third, until 19 interview locations in each SA, Si was added to the random number. We used segmentation sampling to identify the random starting point, ie, the reference household, in order to select households in the sampled interview location/village. Segmentation was done by mapping, sub-dividing the village into segments of approximately equal household numbers before randomly selecting one segment. The segmentation process was repeated until selection of a segment with manageable number of households (15-<30) was selected. At this point, the households were listed and a reference household randomly selected. Segmentation was done with the help of a village guide. No interview was conducted in the reference household, but the nearest household to the reference household’s front door was identified where the search for eligible respondents (women 15–49 years and men 15+ years) started.

We used a parallel sampling approach to select respondents from the households in a “next nearest” household sequence until two interviews (ie, one questionnaire set) were completed in each interview location. Administering only one questionnaire set in each interview location aids in avoiding clustering and reduces the survey design effect to close to one. To ensure independence and avoid clustering, a new random starting household was selected through re-segmentation for each questionnaire set in villages sampled more than once. Indicators were chosen because they were found to be useful in informing interventions aimed at improving adherence to the COVID-19 standard operating procedures as well as COVID-19 vaccination.

Data Analysis

Data for each indicator was analyzed using percentage coverage and 95% confidence intervals for each district separately, as well as for all the districts combined. SA performance was evaluated by comparing the SA’s coverage to the overall coverage estimate for each indicator using the LQAS decision rule (DR). A DR in this study refers to the minimum number of respondents (out of those sampled per SA and per indicator) who have the characteristic of interest (correct responses, eg, received a COVID-19 vaccination) on which the SA is adjudged to have reached average coverage. Any SA whose number of correct responses equals or exceeds the DR is considered to have reached average coverage and thus has acceptable performance in the indicator; otherwise, the opposite is true. An excel spreadsheet and SPSS version 22 were used for the analysis. The Pareto chart was used to identify the common reasons for not vaccinating and those reasons that made up to at least 80% of all reasons were classified as common. However, we removed the “trivial many” reasons that were clustered under the “other” category in the pareto analysis.

Ethics

The Mildmay Uganda Research and Ethics Committee (MUREC) (reference number REC REF 0804–2018) and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (UNCST) approved this study (reference number SS639ES). Informed consent was obtained from respondents who signed or thumb printed the informed consent form as proof of acceptance to participate. Participants’ names were not written on any of the data collection tools or mentioned in any report including the manuscript. The study adhered to all Declaration of Helsinki (ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects).12

Prior to selection and interviewing minors (those aged below 18 years), written informed consent was obtained from their parents or caregivers were provided with sufficient information about the study objectives, risks and benefits of their children participating in this study, as well as about consent and confidentiality concerns. The parents were also informed of the options for withdrawing their children from the study even after having consented. Following parents’ consent to their children participating in the study, the children were explained the study objectives and their rights. Thereafter, assent was obtained from them as well. For the parents who refused their children to participate in the study, such children were replaced.

Results

Characteristics of Respondents

Majority of the respondents, 22.6% of women 15–49 years and 19.1% of men 15+ years were between the ages of 30 and 34. The majority of respondents, 32.1% of women and 29.3% of men had an incomplete primary education as their highest level of education. Table 2 describes the respondents’ characteristics.

Table 2 Characteristics of the Respondents

COVID-19 Related Knowledge, Practice and Vaccination

We assessed COVID-19 knowledge, adherence to COVID-19 social distancing measures in the previous 24 hours, frequency of handwashing with soap and water or use of a hand sanitizer for COVID-19 prevention, and COVID-19 vaccination among women 15–49 years and men 15+ years. COVID-19 vaccination coverage was calculated among women 15–49 years old and men 18+ years old, as COVID-19 vaccination was only available to people over the age of 17 in Uganda at the time of this study. Table 3 summarizes the overall and district-level coverage (percentage) in all COVID-19-related knowledge, practice, and vaccination indicators from the study, while Table 4 presents the SA-level classification of coverage in selected indicators that are eligible for SA-level classification.

Table 3 Overall and District-Level Coverage in COVID-19 Indicators

Table 4 COVID-19 Indicator Coverage Classified at the SA-Level: Red for Correct Responses < DR (Below Coverage), Green for Correct Responses ≥ DR (Average or Above Coverage)

Knowledge of Ways to Reduce the Risk of Contracting COVID-19

Only 45.4% (95% CI: 41.9–49.0) of women and 48.6% (95% CI: 45.0–52.1) of men could name at least four ways to reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19. Across districts, women generally lagged behind men in understanding COVID-19 risk reduction measures. There were significant gender and district-level disparities in knowledge. For women, the percentage who could name at least four risk reduction methods varied from 23.5% (95% CI: 14.8–32.2) in Nakaseke to 68.0% (95% CI: 58.4–77.6) in Kyankwanzi and Nakasongola. Similarly, among men aged 15+, the lowest proportion was in Nakaseke (16.2%; 95% CI: 8.6–23.7) and the highest in Kyankwanzi (72.8%; 95% CI: 63.7–81.9). Districts with below-average coverage of individuals who knew at least four risk reduction methods were Luwero, Mubende, and Nakaseke for women, and Luwero, Mityana, and Nakaseke for men. Notably, Luwero and Nakaseke districts showed below average coverage for both genders for this indicator.

The findings from Table 4 regarding the classification of supervision areas regarding knowledge of at least four or more ways to reduce COVID-19 risk reveal significant gaps in knowledge about COVID-19 risk reduction measures across various districts. In Kyankwanzi, Kasanda and Mityana, one out of every five “SAs” lacked awareness of at least four recommended ways to reduce COVID-19 risks. Similarly, in Kiboga, two out of every five “SAs” had insufficient knowledge, while in Mubende and Nakaseke, three out of five “SAs” faced the same issue. The majority of “SAs”, specifically four out of five in Luwero district did not meet the DR. Consequently, less than half of the participants residing in these “SAs” were acquainted with adequate COVID-19 risk reduction strategies. However, it is notable that the remaining “SAs” did meet the decision rule (DR), representing at least 50.0% coverage. For men aged 15 and above, the situation was particularly concerning. In Luwero, Mityana, and Mubende districts, one out of four “SAs” failed to achieve the required DR. In Kiboga, it was three out of five while it was four out of the five “SAs” in Nakaseke. In all these “SAs” where the decision rule was not attained, less than 50.0% of men aged 15 and above were knowledgeable about adequate COVID-19 risk reduction measures.

Adherence to COVID-19 Social Distancing Measures During the Last 24 hours

Women aged 15–49 years and men aged 15+ years were asked if they had had direct contact with anyone who was not staying with them in the previous 24 hours (spent more than one minute within two meters of someone or touching, including shaking hands, hugging, kissing, or touching the shoulder). Those who answered “no” were classified as following the COVID-19 social distancing measure. Table 3 shows that 67.2% (95% CI: 63.9–70.6) of women and 66.5% (95% CI: 63.1–69.9) of men reportedly adhered to the COVID-19 social distancing measures in the 24 hours preceding the survey. In Kyankwanzi district, the proportions of women 15–49 years (48.1% (95% CI: 37.9–58.3) and men 15+ years (38.1% (95% CI: 28.2–48.1) who adhered to COVID-19 social distancing measures were (each) lowest. Coverage of women 15–49 years and men 15+ years who adhered to COVID-19 social distancing measures during the 24 hours preceding the survey was lower than the average coverage in the districts of Kiboga (61.2%, 51.5%), Kyankwanzi (48.1%, 38.1%), and Mubende (59.4%, 60.3%). In the Luwero district, social distancing was most frequent among both women (76.6% (95% CI: 67.9–85.4) and men (77.2% (95% CI: 68.6–85.8) (Table 3).

For women aged 15–49 years, Table 4 shows that one out of the five “SAs” in Kasanda and Mityana, two of the SAs in Mubende, Kiboga and in Nakaseke, and four out of the five “SAs” in Kyankwanzi, did not meet the DR of 11, implying that less than 67.2% of women 15–49 years in these SAs reported adhering to COVID-19 social distance standards in the 24 hours preceding the survey. The remaining SAs met the DR and thus had at least 70.0% coverage. Among men aged 15+ years, One out of the five “SAs” in Mityana, two out of five SAs in Nakaseke, Mubende and in Nakasongola, three out of five SAs in Kiboga, and four out of the five “SAs” in Kyankwanzi did not achieve the DR of 11. This implies that less than 70.0% of men 15+ years in these “SAs” reported adhering to COVID-19 social distancing standards. The remaining SAs met the DR and thus had at least 70.0% coverage.

COVID-19 Related Handwashing or Use of Hand Sanitiser

A respondent was considered to have frequently washed hands if s/he reported to have washed hands with water and soap or used a hand sanitiser at least 6 times during the 24 hours preceding the survey. Handwashing frequently was very low generally and in the districts among the women 15–49 years. Only 24.8% of the women (95% CI: 21.7–27.9; range: 14.1% [Mubende] – 31.8% [Luwero]) and 19.0% (95% CI: 16.2–21.8, range: 7.1% [Mubende] – 26.4% [Luwero]) of men frequently washed their hands or used a hand sanitizer during the 24 hours preceding the survey. Overall handwashing frequency was low among women 15–49 years and men 15+ years though some SAs exhibited even a poorer coverage. Whereas all the SAs should be prioritized for improvement, more effort should be put on SAs that did not attain the DR as in Table 4. The poorest of the poor performing SAs regarding handwashing or use of a hand sanitizer among women include; C in Kiboga district, and SAs L and N in Mubende district. Among the men 15+ years, SAs C and E in Kiboga district, and N and O in Mubende district fell short of the DR.

COVID-19 Vaccination

COVID-19 vaccination coverage exhibits a notable disparity between initial dose administration and series completion. Among women aged 15–49 years, 83.5% (95% CI: 80.8–86.1) received at least one dose, while men aged 18+ years showed a similar trend at 83.0% (95% CI: 80.0–85.0). However, the proportion of individuals completing the recommended vaccine series (1 dose for Johnson and Johnson, 2 doses each for AstraZenecca, Pfizer, Sputnik V and Moderna) was significantly lower, at 37.5% (95% CI: 34.0–41.0) among women and 41.5% (95% CI: 37.9–45.0) among men. Geographic disparities in vaccination completion were observed, with Kasanda district reporting the lowest coverage estimates at 21.7% (95% CI: 13.3–30.2) among women aged 15–49 years and 28.7% (95% CI: 19.3–38.1) among men aged 18+ years. In contrast, Mityana district achieved the highest coverage, with 56.1% (95% CI: 45.8–66.3) of women aged 15–49 years fully vaccinated. Among men aged 18+ years, Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, and Mityana districts reported completion rates exceeding 50%, at 51.7% (95% CI: 41.4–61.9), 50.7% (95% CI: 40.4–60.9), and 64.8% (95% CI: 54.8–74.8), respectively (Table 3).

Vaccination coverage disparities were observed in various Supervision Areas (SAs) among women aged 15–49 years. In Kiboga, Luwero, and Mubende districts, only three out of five SAs achieved the Decision Rule (DR) of 5, resulting in vaccination coverage of less than 40.0% among women in this age group. In contrast, Nakaseke and Kasanda districts had two and three SAs, respectively, that failed to attain the DR, yielding comparable coverage rates. Conversely, the remaining SAs in these districts achieved the DR, corresponding to vaccination coverage of at least 40.0% (Table 4). Similarly, among men aged 15+ years, vaccination coverage gaps were evident. In Kiboga, Luwero, and Mubende districts, one out of five SAs, and in Kasanda, Nakaseke, and Nakasongola districts, two out of five SAs, failed to reach the DR of 6, resulting in vaccination coverage of less than 45.0% among men in this age group. The remaining SAs in these districts achieved the DR, corresponding to vaccination coverage of at least 45.0% (Table 4).

Reasons for Not Getting Vaccinated

The reasons behind non-vaccination against COVID-19 among women aged 15–49 years and men aged 15+ years who reported never having received a COVID-19 vaccine were investigated. The responses, summarized in Table 5, revealed distinct patterns of reasons for non-vaccination among the men and women. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the cumulative proportions of the most common barriers to vaccination cited by women and men respectively. Among women, the primary reasons for non-vaccination were: Fear of side effects (27.7%), Confusion regarding COVID-19 vaccine information (13.7%), Perceived ineffectiveness of vaccines (10.9%), Geographic accessibility issues, including long distances to vaccination sites (10.2%) and lengthy travel times (6.6%). In contrast, men cited the following reasons for non-vaccination: Fear of side effects (27.3%), Confusion regarding COVID-19 vaccine information (15.7%), Perceived ineffectiveness of vaccines (14.7%), Time constraints (10.8%), Geographic accessibility issues, including long distances to vaccination sites (10.6%) and lengthy queues at service points (6.4%) and Misconceptions regarding COVID-19 vaccine-related infertility (4.7%).

Table 5 Reasons Why Women 18–49 and Men 18+ Years Have Not Received Any Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine

Figure 1 The common reasons for non-uptake of COVID-19 vaccination among women 18–49 years.

Figure 2 The common reasons for non-uptake of COVID-19 vaccination among men 18+ years.

Motivators for COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among the Unvaccinated Respondents

We inquired with respondents who had not received any COVID-19 vaccine dose about their motivations for vaccination. Among vaccine-hesitant women aged 15–49, 19.0% cited trust in health workers’ recommendations. Motivational factors varied by district. In Kiboga, many women expressed willingness to vaccinate if assured of the vaccines’ safety based on global usage. Conversely, in Kyankwanzi, 36.4% preferred vaccines manufactured domestically. In Mityana, the majority relied on Ministry of Health (MoH) recommendations. In Luwero, 25.1% emphasized the importance of easy access to vaccines at local health facilities. For men aged 18+, 20.2% were swayed by health worker recommendations. The sight of earlier recipients without side effects influenced decisions significantly, particularly in Kiboga (28.3%), Mityana (46.7%), and Nakaseke (48.2%). Additionally, MoH endorsement held weight in Luwero (12.7%) and Mubende (39.0%). These insights underscore the localized nature of vaccine hesitancy and the need for tailored approaches to address it (Table 5).

Top motivators for women aged 15–49 to get vaccinated include health worker recommendations (19.0%), easy accessibility (16.0%), MoH endorsement (13.6%), observing side-effect-free users (11.7%), and shortened vaccination site distance (8.4%). For men 18+, motivators are health worker recommendations (20.2%), observing side-effect-free users (19.5%), MoH endorsement (12.6%), accessibility (11.0%), and concern over vaccination requirements for public places or travel (8.4%) (Table 6).

Table 6 Overall and District-Level Factors/Issues That Would Motivate Respondents Who Have Not Had Any COVID-19 Vaccination to Get Vaccinated

People Who Would Influence Defaulters to Take Up COVID-19 Vaccination

Respondents who had not received a COVID-19 vaccine were asked about influential figures in their decision to vaccinate. Among women aged 15–49, health workers or family doctors (31.3%), followed by village health team members (19.5%), and local leaders (19.4%) held the most sway. Family members or relatives (15.0%) and friends (9.3%) also played roles. Among men aged 18 and above, local leaders (27.8%) were most influential, followed by health workers or family doctors (24.6%), family members or relatives (14.3%), mass media information (12.1%), and village health team members (10.7%) (Table 7).

Table 7 Overall and District-Level Proportion of Different Categories of People Who Would Influence Defaulters to Take Up COVID-19 Vaccination

Discussion

This study demonstrates the importance of utilising localized and timely data-driven strategies for public health response management. To target interventions more effectively, healthcare managers and leaders at mid- and lower levels can use the LQAS methodology to identify areas of low public health response measure adoption or poor adherence to pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak prevention interventions.

The findings revealed that despite widespread awareness about COVID-19, knowledge of prevention measures was low among both men and women. Less than half of the respondents demonstrated knowledge of at least four ways to reduce the risk of COVID-19 contraction. Adherence to social distancing standards was also inadequate in many areas, with 17 supervision areas (SAs) for women and 14 SAs for men falling short. While first-dose vaccination coverage was high (83.5% for men and 83.0% for women), full vaccination coverage remained low (37.5% for women and 41.5% for men). Additionally, handwashing and sanitizing habits were poor, with only 24.8% of women and 19.0% of men reporting frequent hand hygiene practices in the previous 24 hours. With a significant decrease in COVID-19 cases at the time of the survey, complacency may have set in, leading to a disregard for standard operating procedures (SOPs). Additionally, a large proportion of the population had received their first vaccine dose, potentially created a false sense of protection and increased disregard for SOPs like social distancing and handwashing. The Omicron variant, which was less fatal than the previous Delta variant, may have also contributed to a sense of security. Furthermore, Uganda was nearing the end of the Omicron pandemic wave, leading to fatigue in adherence to COVID-19 prevention guidelines, as seen in other studies.13–16 Adherence to COVID-19 standards in Uganda, had been strictly enforced by security forces. The relaxation of strict enforcement by security forces at the study time may have also played a role.13

The survey found high first-dose vaccination coverage rates: 83.5% (95% CI; 80.8–86.1) for women and 83.0% (95% CI; 80.0–85.0) for men. At the time of the study, Uganda’s national coverage on March 14, 2022 was 64.4%, with 8,014,082 (36.5%) of the target population fully vaccinated.17 As of mid-March In the study area, full vaccination coverage was 37.5% (95% CI; 34.0–41.0) for women and 41.5% (95% CI; 37.9–45.0) for men, with men’s coverage significantly higher than the national average.18 Women’s coverage was slightly higher than the national average, but not statistically significant. The higher coverage in the study area may be due to its location in central Uganda, with better access to COVID-19 services, proximity to the central vaccines store, and a well-developed road network. As the COVID-19 vaccination program began in this region, community members may have been early adopters of the vaccine, contributing to higher coverage rates.

This study found that men had higher COVID-19 full vaccination rates than women. This is contrary to women’s typical higher use of routine health services compared to men.19 This trend is seen in other countries, where women are more hesitant to get vaccinated due to various myths, including the false belief that COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility.7,20,21 In Uganda, 0.9% of unvaccinated women and 4.7% of unvaccinated men cited this myth as a reason for not getting vaccinated.22 Similar gender gaps in vaccine acceptance exist elsewhere in Africa, with women showing higher rates of resistance and hesitance.23,24 The infertility myth may lead men to discourage their wives from getting vaccinated.7,20 Besides, early vaccine scarcity may have favored men who could travel to access vaccines, contributing to the observed gender disparity.

Despite the low full vaccination coverage observed, Mityana district stands out among all other districts for having significantly higher full COVID-19 vaccination coverage, whereas Kasanda district has the lowest coverage for women and men. The COVID-19 vaccination coverage observed in this study could also be explained by logistical, structural, and other contextual factors, as has been the case throughout Africa. Such issues have included vaccine distribution challenges, particularly in rural areas, as well as vaccine storage challenges, particularly due to poor cold chain due to a lack of electricity in rural communities.25 Uganda has used a variety of vaccines, the supply of which has been inconsistent.26 This resulted in situations such as preferred vaccines not being available at vaccination centers, as reported by 1.6% of non-COVID-19-vaccinated individuals, or the absence of eligible second dose vaccines for those seeking a second dose.27 Addressing such logistical and structural issues may aid in improving vaccine access, uptake, and adherence.

The findings reveal that while there were shared concerns and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination among women and men, distinct differences also existed. Women mentioned that their motivation for COVID-19 was majorly influenced by the convenience and accessibility to vaccination sites to their residences and work places. Conversely, men would be persuaded to get vaccinated due to the requirements of COVID-19 vaccination to travel or to access their work places, vaccination status influencing access to public places and events as well as due to peer pressures, social norms. Similar gender differences in motivations have been observed in various countries, including the United States, Europe, and Australia.28,29 As women and men have different motivations for COVID-19 vaccination uptake, this demonstrates that gender-sensitive communication strategies are needed in public health campaigns especially in disease outbreak responses. Thus, adapting messaging and responses to these gender differences such as emphasizing convenience for women and social influences for men can increase public health response uptake more so if they involve vaccinations.

The results further revealed that health workers’ recommendations for vaccine uptake are a stronger motivator for COVID-19 vaccination for both women and men. This observation has been mentioned elsewhere as a motivating factor COVID-19 vaccination among both men and women.30 Women in this study were also found to have greater trust in community health workers regarding COVID-19 vaccination information. This could be explained by the strong social relationships, a need for individualized communication, and a sense of empathy and understanding that the women may be benefiting from the community health workers also known as the Village Health Teams (VHTs) as pointed out in previous research.31 On the other hand, men preferred more formal and authoritative sources like formal health workers and community leaders as trusted sources of information. This is contrary to the findings in another study where health workers were a less reliable source of information and trust especially on COVID-19 vaccination given their mistrust of the vaccines deriving from the negative information from unreliable sources such as social media.32

The traditional gender roles of valuing authority and expertise tend to lead men to seek health information from formal sources such as health workers and community leaders.31 It is possible that this perception is based on the belief that health workers undergo extensive training and therefore possess expertise, experience, objective, credible and reliable information.33 In addition, the belief that local leaders are trustable sources of information may have driven male to prefer seeking information from local leaders who predominantly are male as seen in other studies.34 Thus, gender-specific influencers and communication channels should be considered when selecting media and people to air out or carry out health education aimed at disseminating public health responses information. Empowering the trusted information sources like the COVID-19 ambassadors in this study to deliver public health response information could go a long way in achieving desired results.35

Observing no side effects experienced by those who have been vaccinated was equally alluded to by both men and women as a key motivating factor that increases willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Consequently, testimonies and positive livid experiences given by those who have been vaccinated, can be used to demystify false beliefs, myths, and negative perceptions against COVID-19 vaccination, and help those who are unwilling to vaccinate to change their beliefs about vaccination.24 Nevertheless, demystifying such beliefs may be difficult because it may necessitate countering myths with evidence-based messages rather than traditional health education and directing-based approaches.36 Besides, a study has revealed that side effects of COVID-19 vaccination can be helpful in preventing severe disease among the vaccinated.37 Hence, it is also crucial to alleviate fears, build trust and encourage vaccine uptake by emphasizing that side effects are normal, beneficial and protective. Altogether, public health campaigns can increase vaccine acceptance and uptake by leveraging healthcare professionals’ recommendations and social proof, while addressing gender-specific concerns and barriers.

Comparison of the reasons given by women and men for not getting vaccinated reveals both similarities and differences. The most common reason for non-vaccination acceptance among both women (27.7%) and men (27.3%) was the fear of side effects of the vaccine. Besides, confusion regarding COVID-19 vaccine information is also a significant concern for both groups (13.7% among women and 15.7% among men). The perceived ineffectiveness of vaccines is another shared reason (10.9% among women and 14.7% among men).

The divergent cumbrances to COVID-19 uptake were lengthy queues leading to long waiting times at service points were constraints more concerning to men (10.8%) than women (6.4%) to deter them to go and receive vaccination. In addition, misconceptions regarding COVID-19 vaccine-related infertility was unique COVID-19 vaccination deterring factor more pronounced among men. On the other hand, lengthy travel distances and times is a more significant concern for women (6.6%) than men. Hence, improving COVID-19 vaccination uptake as well as any future pandemic, epidemic or outbreak vaccination related responses will require addressing any gender-specific concerns and barriers such as those highlighted in this study. For instance, alleviation of confusion and misconceptions about vaccine safety and effectiveness may be achieved through targeted health education campaigns to address any gendered misconception about vaccination and any other barriers. Additionally, mobile vaccination units or extended service hours, can help efforts aimed at addressing accessibility to vaccines brought about by geographic and time-related barriers. Promoting more inclusive vaccination strategies could benefit from addressing infertility misconception, a gender-specific concerns among men.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Despite the awareness of the pandemic in the study area located in Central Uganda, understanding of COVID-19 prevention measures was low, leading to poor adherence. While many had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose, completion rates were low, with disparities across districts and supervision areas. Fear of side effects, misinformation, and accessibility issues contribute to non-uptake. Targeted messages and ambassadors such as health workers, community leaders, and family members can help dispel myths and encourage vaccination. Interventions should prioritize poor-performing areas and indicators to improve coverage and uptake. By addressing these gaps, COVID-19 vaccination programs can increase effectiveness and reach more people.

Study Limitation

This cross-sectional study’s findings are specific to the time period and may not be generalizable due to the evolving global COVID-19 situation. Another study conducted at a different time may yield different results.

Acknowledgments

The authors declare that this study is part of a multi-indicator survey that includes non-COVID-19 data. As a result, other research may be published with the same study subjects and methodology but with different objectives.

Funding

This research was funded by the Centre for Disease Control, Kampala Office via Cooperative Agreement GH002046.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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8. Harding E, Beckworth C, Fesselet JF, Lenglet A, Lako R, Valadez JJ. Using lot quality assurance sampling to assess access to water, sanitation and hygiene services in a refugee camp setting in South Sudan: a feasibility study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4656-2

9. Odaga J, Henriksson DK, Nkolo C, et al. Empowering districts to target priorities for improving child health service in Uganda using change management and rapid assessment methods. Glob Health Action. 2016;9(1):30983. doi:10.3402/gha9.30983

10. Shittu E, Adewumi F, Ene N, Keluo-Udeke SC, Wonodi C. Examining psychosocial factors and community mitigation practices to limit the spread of COVID-19: evidence from Nigeria. Healthcare. 2022;10(3):585. doi:10.3390/healthcare10030585

11. Valadez JJ, Bamberger M. Monitoring and Evaluating Social Programs in Developing Countries: A Handbook for Policymakers, Managers, and Researchers. Valadez J, Bamberger M eds.. The World Bank; 1994.

12. World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310(20):2191–2194

13. Storer E, Jones T. Key considerations: adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures in greater Kampala, Uganda. Med Anthropology. 2022;41:387–403. doi:10.1080/01459740.2022.2047675

14. Machingaidze S, Wiysonge CS. Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Nat Med. 2021;27(8):1338–1339. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01459-7

15. Bhopal S, Nielsen M. Vaccine hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries: potential implications for the COVID-19 response. Arch Dis Child. 2021;106(2):113–114. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-318988

16. Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. 2021;9(160):160. doi:10.3390/vaccines9020160

17. The Republic of Uganda. COVID-19 Vaccination Progress 15th. March 2022.

18. The Republic of Uganda. Uganda receives 864,000 doses of COVID-19 vaccines

19. Accorsi S, Fabiani M, Nattabi B, et al. Differences in hospital admissions for males and females in northern Uganda in the period 1992 — 2004: a consideration of gender and sex differences in health care use. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101(9):929–938. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.03.019

20. Zintel S, Flock C, Arbogast AL, Forster A, von Wagner C, Sieverding M. Gender differences in the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Public Health. 2022;1–25. doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01677-w

21. Patwary MM, Alam MA, Bardhan M, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among low- and lower-middle-income countries: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccines. 2022;10(3):427. doi:10.3390/vaccines10030427

22. Kabagenyi A, Wasswa R, Nannyonga BK, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Uganda: a population-based cross-sectional survey. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:6837–6847. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S372386

23. Nalubega P, Karafillakis E, Atuhaire L, et al. Maternal vaccination in Uganda: exploring pregnant women, community leaders and healthcare workers’ perceptions. Vaccines. 2021;9;1–10.

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25. Lugada E, Komakech H, Ochola I, Mwebaze S, Oteba MO, Ladwar DO. Health supply chain system in Uganda: current issues, structure, performance, and implications for systems strengthening. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2022;15(14):1–11. doi:10.1186/s40545-022-00412-4

26. USAID. Accelerating success: US government support enables dramatic vaccination gains in Uganda. 2022.

27. Drivers of the COVID-19 vaccination process in Ugandan communities. 2021.

28. Jayawardana S, Esquivel M, Orešković T, Mossialos E. Gender differences in COVID-19 preventative measures and vaccination rates in the United States: a longitudinal survey analysis. Vaccine. 2024;42:126044. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.012

29. Zhang R, Qiao S, McKeever BW, Olatosi B, Li X. Listening to voices from African American communities in the Southern States about COVID-19 vaccine information and communication: a qualitative study. Vaccines. 2022;10(7). doi:10.3390/vaccines10071046

30. Adams J, MacKenzie MJ, Amegah AK, et al. The conundrum of low covid-19 mortality burden in sub-saharan Africa: myth or reality? Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(3):433–443. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00172

31. de Vries DH, Bruggeman J, Benoni TE, et al. Social networks for health communication in rural Uganda: a mixed-method analysis of dekabusa trading centre, Luwero County. Glob Public Health. 2020;15(11):1674–1688. doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1775870

32. Osuagwu UL, Mashige KP, Ovenseri-Ogbomo G, et al. The impact of information sources on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1–16. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14972-2

33. Mphepo KYG, Muula AS, Suzi J, Phuka F, Mfutso-Bengo J. Exploring culturally-preferred communication approaches for increased uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) services in rural Malawi. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):590–606. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15363-x

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36. Lewandowsky S, Cook J, Schmid P, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine communication handbook. Practical Guide Improving Vaccine Communication Fighting Misinformation. 2021.

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Still Hopes for a Future Plastic Treaty– But it Won’t be Easy

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Civil Society, Climate Change, Environment, Global, Headlines, Sustainable Development Goals, TerraViva United Nations

Opinion

A 30-foot- high monument entitled Turn off the plastics tap by Canadian activist and artist Benjamin von Wong was exhibited at the UN Environment Assembly in Nairobi, Kenya, in 2022. Credit: UNEP/Cyril Villemain

KATHMANDU, Nepal, Jan 20 2025 (IPS) – The last few weeks of 2024 were a disappointment for those who strongly believed that planet Earth is in need of bold actions.

First, there were the frustration stemming from what could be defined at minimum as unconvincing outcomes of both COP 16 on Biodiversity and COP 29 on Climate.

Then all hope was resting on a successful conclusion of the 5th and final round of negotiations held in Busan to reduce plastic pollutions, at the Inter-governmental Negotiating Committee INC-5. (25 November -1 December 2024)

Instead also in this case, at the end, it was a letdown because no consensus had emerged on some of the key elements of the negotiations. Yet, flopping this more gloomy and dark view, I am learning that activists for a strong treaty are not giving up.

They are not ready to concede defeat and, rightly so. The fight must go on.

At least at Busan, the gap between the parties involved in the discussions came at the fore, providing clarity on their own desired outcomes, this time, each showing their cards, without hesitancy. On the one hand, a diverse coalition of more progressive nations.

Within it, both members of the Global South and a part of the Global North worked very hard to press for the best possible outcome, a treaty that would also include targets to reduce plastic production, especially the most nefarious type of it.

On the other hand, governments representing strong petro-chemical establishments had the overt mission to trample and block any attempts of reducing plastic production. Their mantras were conveniently focused on recycling and circularity as the best remedy to reduce plastic pollution.

To have a better assessment of INC-5, I approached the Plastic Pollution Coalition, a US civil society organization advocating an ambitious treaty. The group has also pressurized Washington to take a bolder stance in the fight against plastic pollution.

The resulting conversation with members of the Coalition, carried out via e-mails, was also an opportunity to identify the next goalposts for future negotiations and what scenarios might emerge in the months ahead.

They key messages are that, despite the final outcomes of the negotiations were not what many had hoped for, those, who want bold actions towards reducing plastic pollution, should not despair.

First of all, my interest was on assessing the level of disillusionment among activists advocating for a strong and ambitious treaty.

“Plastic pollutes throughout its existence, and a strong globally binding treaty is critical for a healthy future for humanity. While we are disappointed with the outcome of INC-5—little to no progress on the treaty text—we remain hopeful and are very inspired by the growing collaboration and efforts of a majority of ambitious countries” said Dianna Cohen, Co-Founder and CEO of the Plastic Pollution Coalition.

The commitment from the members of the Coalition is not diminished but rather it is growing ad with it also a sense of optimism.

“The fight is far from over. Talks will resume in 2025, and Plastic Pollution Coalition and allies continue to call on the US government to adopt a stronger position in the treaty negotiations” said Jen Fela, Vice President, Programs and Communications at the Plastic Pollution Coalition.

“The work won’t be easy. While necessary to protect the planet and human health, there will likely be even less support for a strong and legally binding global treaty by the incoming US administration”.

“The good news is that the talks in Busan demonstrated that more and more countries are willing to be bold and tell the world to get on board with what UN Environment Programme Executive Director Inger Andersen called a ‘once-in-a-planet opportunity’ for a treaty that will end the plastics age once and for all”, Fela further stressed.

But what next? Balancing realism with ambition, what activists should aim in the next negotiations?

“We will keep pushing for a treaty that caps plastic production and prioritizes health, centers frontline and fence-line communities, acknowledges the rights of Indigenous Peoples and rights holders, restricts problematic plastic products and chemicals of concern, and supports non-toxic reuse systems”, Cohen, the Co-Founder and CEO of the Coalition told me.

“We are proud to stand with our incredible community of allies and continue our work toward a more just, equitable, regenerative world free of plastic pollution and its toxic impacts”,

Indeed, signs of hope are not misplaced”.

“Despite Member States being unable to reach a deal at INC-5, there was promising ambition and growing collaboration among the majority of countries, and we’re hopeful for the additional round of talks at INC-5.2 next year”, she further added.

“Ultimately, a delay is better than settling for a weak agreement that fails to meaningfully address the problem now, and the silver lining is that in the meantime, we can gain even more support for a strong treaty that cuts plastic pollution”.

Moreover, it is important to remember that despite there was no agreement, a new consensus is emerging.

“Despite pressure from a handful of petrostates, the majority of countries are rallying together for a strong treaty, with more than 100 countries backing Panama’s proposal to reduce plastic production, 95 supporting legally binding targets to regulate harmful chemicals, and over 120 nations calling for a treaty with robust implementation measures” reads a summary of INC-5 published by the Coalition.

A new coalition got cemented in Busan with countries like Panama and Rwanda working with European nations and others in the so called High Ambition Coalition to end Plastic Pollution.

I also wanted to better understand the key elements that can either make a future treaty at least acceptable for those advocating for plastic reductions and which are the “red lines” for them.

“Signs of a weak Plastics Treaty include voluntary measures to address plastic pollution, failure to commit to a significant global reduction in the total production of plastics, failing to identify and cease production of “chemicals of concern” known to harm frontline communities—a major environmental justice issue, a focus on recycling plastic as a solution, and omitting a full and strong range of actions that address plastic pollution throughout its endless toxic existence—from the extraction of its fossil fuel ingredients through plastic and plastic chemical production, shipping, use, and disposal” explained Erica Cirino, Communication Manager at the Coalition.

“The key is a mandated and significant reduction in plastic and plastic chemical production”.

“Signs of a strong treaty include mandatory caps on plastic and plastic chemical production, identification and further regulation of especially hazardous chemicals of concern, and including a full and strong range of actions that work to end plastic pollution throughout its endless toxic existence, starting with the extraction of its fossil fuel ingredients through plastic and plastic chemical production, shipping, use, and disposal” she further said.

“A binding commitment that reduces especially “problematic” plastic products and chemicals of concern would not be acceptable without a cap in overall production. All plastics pollute, and all plastic production must be reduced”, Cirino further explained.

The point raised by Cirino is one of the most contentious. “Those of special concern must especially be eliminated and regulated, but taking action to mitigate their harm should only be expedited—and not stand in place of mitigating harm of all plastics”.

Would it be still acceptable, in case there will be no breakthrough at all in the next round of negotiations, the most progressive nations, say the members of The High Ambition Coalition to End Plastic Pollution, would come up with their own, alternative binding agreement, even if not a fully-fledged global treaty as we are envisioning now?

Could this “extreme” and until now unimaginable ‘last” option make sense even if plastic polluters would continue with their “business as usual approach”?

“It’s certainly not an ideal solution, as plastic pollution is a global issue perpetuated by a global set of governments; investors; and industrial players, activities and infrastructure. That said, it potentially would be better than nothing if more progressive nations were to devise their own binding agreement, so long as it focused on curbing plastic pollution”, Cirino shared.

“The main issue is, many of the biggest plastic producers in the world (namely, the US and China) are absent from the high-ambition talks for now. It’s crucial that levels of plastic production drop globally. It would be all for naught if some countries reduce production, only for other nations to increase it”.

Meanwhile having some countries going “solo” carries risks and these they are crystal clear.

Indeed, there are palpable concerns in places like Europe on this regard.

There, the plastic lobbying is worried that a decline of plastic production in Europe means that other nations like China are taking advantage by ramping up their production.

We are in a conundrum. At this moment, I can’t imagine how the petro states will change their key negotiating positions. “If passed, hopefully an agreement among progressive nations would push other nations to also reduce their plastic production or, such an agreement may not help at all” concluded Cirino.

Simone Galimberti writes about the SDGs, youth-centered policy-making and a stronger and better United Nations.

IPS UN Bureau

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UN Claims to Strengthen Battle Against Racism in Workplace—Amid Reservations

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The UN reflects on its progress addressing racism within its Secretariat as it approaches its 80th anniversary, highlighting the impact of the Anti-Racism Office since its inception in 2023

UN Staff Honour Colleagues Fallen in Gaza. Credit: UN Photo

UNITED NATIONS, Jan 16 2025 (IPS) – As the United Nations plans to commemorate its 80th anniversary later this year, it is “reflecting on the steps taken to advance implementation of the Secretary-General’s Strategic Action Plan for addressing racism in the UN Secretariat.

The UN’s Anti-Racism Office, which was created in 2023, has hosted several online events that reached over 13,500 participants and generated 2,000 comments, and welcomed 2,700 visitors to its iSeek page (accessible only by staffers)—possibly a reflection of the rising complaints and concerns of UN staffers.

In a circular to staffers, the Office claims it has “collaborated closely with other UN entities and a growing global network of Anti-Racism Advocates, to foster a workplace that is safe, inclusive and equitable for all UN personnel, regardless of their race”

Together with the Office of Human Resources (OHR) and the Department of Operational Support (DOS), the Anti-Racism Office has been working on increasing fairness in recruitment processes through projects such as strengthening “blind hiring” practices and requiring diversity on hiring panels, which will be fully implemented in 2025.

Ian Richards, former President of the Coordination Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations (CCISUA), representing over 60,000 UN staffers, told IPS some of the practices being proposed, such as “blind hiring” and “mixed panels”, make sense. The unions have been requesting this for years. Although defining racial diversity in a legal manner may prove challenging.

At the same time, he pointed out, there are many competing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, (DEI) initiatives right now: Anti-racism, gender parity, disability inclusion, LGBTQIA, regional diversity, age diversity.

Each has their own office, coordinator, focal point network, action plan, policy, task force, ICSC agenda item, quota system or communication strategy. And each response to a legitimate grievance, said Richards, an economist specializing in digital business environments at the Geneva-based UNCTAD.

However, some of these conflict with each other, and HR officers and staff in general are finding it a bit hard to keep up.

“For any of this to be really effective, there needs to be some consolidation and prioritisation. Hopefully the SG can have a strategic think about this so we have the best outcome for all”, he declared.

A survey by the UN Staff Union in New York in 2021 was equally revealing.

According to the findings, 59% of the respondents said “they don’t feel the UN effectively addresses racial justice in the workplace, while every second respondent noted they don’t feel comfortable talking about racial discrimination at work”.

Meanwhile, the UN Secretariat in New York, faltered ingloriously, as it abruptly withdrew its own online survey on racism, in which it asked staffers to identify themselves either as “black, brown, white., mixed/multi-racial, and any other”.

But the most offensive of the categories listed in the survey was “yellow” – a longstanding Western racist description of Asians, including Japanese, Chinese and Koreans.

A non-apologetic message emailed to staffers read: “The United Nations Survey on Racism has been taken offline and will be revised and reissued, taking into account the legitimate concerns expressed by staff.”

Meanwhile the UN Special Adviser for Addressing Racism in the Workplace, Mojankunyane Gumbi of South Africa, has been “actively visiting different UN duty stations worldwide, holding town hall meetings with staff and leadership from various departments to discuss and address issues related to racism within the organization”.

The Special Adviser, who as appointed January 2023, has been providing “strategic advice to the Secretary-General on addressing racism and racial discrimination, as well as oversee the implementation of the long-term Strategic Action Plan adopted by the Organization in 2022 to address racism in the workplace.

Following the adoption of the Strategic Action Plan, every Secretariat entity was asked to develop and implement its own action plan, while an Implementation Steering Group under the leadership and stewardship of the Special Adviser will monitor and guide corporate-level actions to implement the Strategic Action Plan.

An Anti-Racism Team has been established to support the Special Adviser.

Dr Palitha Kohona, a former Chief of the UN Treaty Section, told IPS the Secretary-General’s Strategic Action Plan is a welcome initiative.

The UN has always prided itself of its inclusive approach to hiring but, in reality, many staff harbour, often publicly unexpressed but privately discussed, reservations that race and gender influence hiring and promotions, he said.

“Unfortunately, it is widely felt that political considerations influence recruitment and promotions. Some countries have made lobbying a fine art, said Dr Kohona a former Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the UN, and until recently Ambassador to the People’s Republic of China

Some of those who were responsible for staff management, he pointed out, tended to be influenced by considerations that were not necessarily consistent with the clearly stated principles of the United Nations, especially in sensitive areas, often conceding to external pressures.

“While equitable geographical distribution must be a guiding principle, staff recruitment, promotions and placements must be done transparently and with due emphasis on merit. Today, this is not too difficult a goal to achieve given the ready availability of talent from most countries of the world. In fact, the steady flow of talent from developing countries to the developed world is an acknowledged reality.”

The goals of the Organisation will be best served if recruitment, placements and promotions occur transparently and relevant information is disseminated as widely as possible through the media, in particular, the social media, he pointed out.

Vacancies, he said, should be advertised in the languages widely used/accessed by applicants around the world. The offices processing applications should also be constituted by geagraphically representative officers.

“The UN must also proactively address the concern that the recruitment of General Staff tends to be biased in favour of certain nationalities,” he declared.

Speaking strictly off-the-record, a senior UN staffer told IPS the official statement outlines the Anti-Racism Office’s efforts within the UN Secretariat, but it lacks a critical examination of the concrete impact of these initiatives.

While the creation of the office and its collaboration with other UN entities is a positive step, there is limited transparency regarding the actual outcomes of these actions. The implementation of “blind hiring” and diversity on hiring panels are mentioned as key initiatives, however, the statement does not provide any data, including status quo, or specific examples showing how these changes have improved or will improve fairness or representation within the Secretariat, he said.

“To effectively evaluate progress, it is essential to highlight measurable results and ongoing challenges in these areas together with the baseline data.

Additionally, while the Special Adviser’s visits and town halls with staff are commendable, the statement fails to address whether the concerns raised during these engagements by staff have led to substantive changes or policy adjustments”.

The numbers of participants and visitors to online events and iSeek are notable, but without demonstrating how these interactions have directly influenced policy changes, decision-making or led to tangible outcomes, the impact remains unclear, he noted.

“It would be more effective to provide specific examples of changes that have resulted from the efforts by the Anti-Racism Office such as improve hiring diversity, more inclusive workplace policies, or shifts in organizational culture, in particular, how the mandate of the Anti-Racism Office has impacted in addressing racism and racial discrimination within the UN”.

To truly advance its mission of fostering an inclusive and equitable workplace, he said, the Anti-Racism Office must go beyond activity metrics such as the number of participants to its virtual events, but focus on outcomes in order to achieve the goals and objectives set in the Secretary-General’s Strategic Action Plan, that was launched four years ago in 2021.

In a circular to UN staffers, Catherine Pollard Under-Secretary-General for Management Strategy, Policy and Compliance Chair of the Task Force on Addressing Racism and Promoting Dignity for All in the United Nations Secretariat, said “the Secretary-General has called upon us to condemn racism wherever we see it, without reservation, hesitation or qualification”.

“This includes looking into our own hearts and minds. The global outcry in 2020 caused us all to look inward and recognize that, in order to fight racism, we have to be proactively anti-racist.”

“As an organization, we were founded on the principles of the dignity and worth of the human person, proclaiming the right of everyone to enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms, without distinctions of race, colour or national origin. We have always recognized the prevalence of racism and racial discrimination in society and played a key role in supporting Member States in the development of legal instruments to address this scourge”.

“I want to urge all personnel, of every race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin, to come together in the spirit of human decency and collegiality to educate ourselves on how racism may operate in society and in the workplaces of the Organization. I encourage all of you to participate in the ongoing dialogue and awareness campaigns to gain insight into how racism manifests at the workplace and how we can prevent it and support those who experience such behaviour.”

Ultimately, progress in addressing racism and racial discrimination will require unwavering commitment from senior leaders and the full participation of United Nations personnel to ensure that everyone has an equal opportunity to participate in the work of the Organization and is treated with respect and dignity. Let us stand in solidarity against racism, she declared.

IPS UN Bureau Report

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Almanac – Wednesday January 15, 2025

Posted on by emandowa

Today is Wednesday, the 15th of January of 2025,

January 15 is the 15th day of the year

350 days remain until the end of the year

63 days until spring begins

Today is the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. Day

The holiday is celebrated on the third Monday in January; this year on the 20th.

The sun will rise in San Francisco at 7:23:46 am

and sunset will be at 5:16:12 pm.

We will have 9 hours and 52 minutes of daylight today

The solar transit will be at 12:19:59 pm.

The first high tide was at 12:23 am at 5.2 feet

The first low tide was at 5:16 am at 2.81 feet

The next high tide will be later this morning at 10:55 am at 6.31 feet

and the final low tide Ocean Beach will be this evening at 5:59 pm at -0.81 feet

The Moon is currently 97.1% visible

It’s a Waning Gibbous moon

It was a full moon on Monday

We’ll have the Last Quarter Moon in 6 days on Tuesday the 21st of January of 2025 at 12:31 pm

Today is…

On Broadway and national tours, the performers who substitute for various chorus members at the drop of a hat are known as “swings.” Wednesday, today, is designated “National Swing Day” in their honor.

Humanitarian Day

Museum Selfie Day

National Bagel Day

National Booch Day

National Fresh Squeezed Juice Day

National Hat Day

National Pothole Day (UK)

National Strawberry Ice Cream Day

Wikipedia Day

Today is also….

Arbor Day (Egypt)

Armed Forces Remembrance Day (Nigeria)

Army Day (India)

John Chilembwe Day (Malawi)

Korean Alphabet Day (North Korea)

Ocean Duty Day (Indonesia)

Sagichō at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū. (Kamakura, Japan)

Teacher’s Day (Venezuela)

Black Christ of Esquipulas day

The second day of the sidereal winter solstice festivals in India

Thai Pongal, Tamil harvest festival

If today is your birthday, Happy Birthday to You! You share your special day with….

1622 – Molière, French actor and playwright (d. 1673)

1908 – Edward Teller, Hungarian-American physicist and academic (d. 2003)

1909 – Gene Krupa, American drummer, composer, and actor (d. 1973)

1918 – Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egyptian colonel and politician, second President of Egypt (d. 1970)

1922 – Thelma Carpenter, American radio and jazz band singer (Coleman Hawkins; Count Basie), and stage and screen actress (Hello Dolly! ; Barefoot In The Park (TV); The Wiz (film)), born in Brooklyn, New York (d. 1997)

1929 – Earl Hooker, American guitarist (d. 1970)

1929 – Martin Luther King Jr., American minister and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968

1929 – “Queen” Ida [Lewis], Louisiana Creole accordionist, born in Lake Charles, Louisiana

1941 – Captain Beefheart, American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist (d. 2010)

1945 – Vince Foster, American lawyer and political figure (d. 1993)

1947 – Andrea Martin, American-Canadian actress, singer, and screenwriter

1948 – Ronnie Van Zant, American singer-songwriter (d. 1977

1951 – Charo (74th Birthday) Spanish-American actress, comedienne (Chico and the Man; The Love Boat), and flamenco guitarist, born in Murcia, Spain [year disputed]

1957 – Mario Van Peebles, Mexican-American actor and director

1981 – Pitbull, American rapper and producer

….and on this day in history….

1759 – The British Museum opens to the public.

1870 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the Democratic Party with a donkey (“A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion” by Thomas Nast for Harper’s Weekly).

1889 – The Coca-Cola Company, then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is incorporated in Atlanta.

1892 – James Naismith publishes the rules of basketball.

1908 – The Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority becomes the first Greek-letter organization founded and established by African American college women.

1943 – The Pentagon is dedicated in Arlington County, Virginia.

1967 – The first Super Bowl is played in Los Angeles. The Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35–10.

2001 – Wikipedia, a free wiki content encyclopedia, is launched (Wikipedia Day).

2009 – US Airways Flight 1549 ditches safely in the Hudson River after the plane collides with birds less than two minutes after take-off. This becomes known as “The Miracle on the Hudson” as all 155 people on board were rescued.

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Going Private: NGOs Needed Now More Than Ever

Posted on by emandowa

America’s Coming Oligarchic Criminal Kleptocracy Necessitates a Turn Away From Government-Only Solutions

The Wake-Up Call

The American political landscape is undergoing a transformation that will soon result in a federal government that is far less supportive and potentially more antagonistic toward its citizens. Based on what incoming administration officials have said, specific segments of the executive branch might do more harm to certain population sectors and whole people groups, even beyond US borders.

This shifting dynamic emphasizes why voters who don’t align with the emerging political ideology must seek alternative, non-governmental channels for organizing, safeguarding, and advancing the common good. Most consequentially, those abandoned and marginalized by an increasingly profit-focused Republican majority will need to depend on private benevolent institutions for their well-being.

It’s time for people of conscience to turn their focus from government entities to non-governmental organizations. Doing so will not only benefit the most vulnerable among us immediately but could also subvert the malicious intentions of the oligarchic autocracy.

The Importance of Nonprofits

I deeply value nonprofit organizations, charitable foundations, associations, guilds, societies, and religious institutions. In essence, wherever people unite freely and voluntarily to pursue a cause greater than themselves, I see democracy at its finest.

The recent passing of our 39th president, Jimmy Carter, highlighted the importance of nonprofit organizations through his exemplary post-presidential humanitarian work—constructing homes for those in need, safeguarding the integrity of elections worldwide, and nearly eradicating Guinea worm disease. His achievements through The Carter Center in Atlanta, Georgia, demonstrate how vital non-governmental agencies are in ameliorating human suffering.

My Life in the Nonprofit Sphere

The civil rights movement of the 1960s profoundly shaped my early years. When governmental bodies were either indifferent or openly opposed to African American rights, it was the collective effort of churches, educational institutions, and organizations like the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee that created and sustained meaningful change. The importance of non-government actors became evident through my parents’ admiration for Martin Luther King, Jr. I can also remember my father’s stories of his teenage fundraising efforts for the NAACP in the 1940s. These stories were a constant presence in my childhood. By twelve, I was well-versed in organizations like MLK’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the ACLU, and, through the Jewish side of my family, B’nai B’rith and the Anti-Defamation League. I understood these as citizen-led initiatives working independently of government to create a fairer society.

My father was also devoted to his Lions Club, an international service organization supporting visually impaired individuals and children with disabilities. As their local chapter president for multiple terms, Dad exemplified how individuals can band together to help those political actors might ignore, vilify, or even injure. Every July, my siblings and I participated in the club’s “Annual Picnic for the Blind and Handicapped,” where the importance of volunteers in nonprofit organizations became evident through our hands-on service – piloting wheelchairs, coordinating games, and distributing refreshments. Though we initially resisted this interruption to our summer fun, the experience invariably left us with a profound sense of fulfillment.

During my teenage years, I developed a belief that the private sector was more effective than government agencies in meeting community needs, given their closer connection to the populations they served. While my views have evolved with time, both sectors must work robustly together to effectively address the scale of societal needs. Nonprofits’ relative independence from political fluctuations enables them to pursue their missions consistently, regardless of the prevailing political climate, a real asset.

The Urgency of Supporting Nonprofits

As a new administration prepares to take office in Washington, there are growing concerns that the disparity between government support for vulnerable populations and society’s need for equitable policies and practices will expand dramatically. The traditional balance between large-scale government assistance and more targeted, passionate private aid may need to be inverted.

The incoming leadership and their congressional supporters advocate for substantial reductions in social programs, believing current government assistance levels are excessive. These cuts threaten to create significant gaps in both domestic and international social safety nets. Beyond the immediate increase in human suffering, these changes pose potential national security risks.

Humanitarian crises often create environments where extremist elements can flourish, potentially destabilizing societies and governments. Such destabilization can escalate into various forms of conflict, from cold wars to active hostilities, each bringing its own devastating consequences. The nonprofit sector is a crucial buffer, capable of mitigating these adverse developments through sustained community engagement.

Defining Nonprofits, Charities, and NGOs

Before delving into my vision for this new philanthropic paradigm, it’s essential to establish clear definitions for “nonprofit,” “charity,” and “non-governmental organization.” While some aspects of these terms may seem self-evident, there are nuanced distinctions that warrant examination:

  • Nonprofit organizations operate on a unique model where any surplus funds get channeled back into their mission rather than distributed to shareholders. Unlike traditional businesses, nonprofits don’t have owners or shareholders but are stewarded by elected or appointed officers who serve in trust.
  • This fundamental difference sets them apart from profit-driven enterprises. As a subset, charities concentrate on philanthropic objectives and receive specific tax advantages extending to their donors. NGOs encompass a broader spectrum, addressing various social issues, and may generate profits, though they do not inure to the financial benefit of any one individual or group.
  • In the American context, most tax-exempt organizations that offer tax deductibility to donors face restrictions on political engagement. While this doesn’t completely bar political activity, it must remain secondary to their primary mission. Organizations focused primarily on political work can maintain tax-exempt status, though contributions to them aren’t tax-deductible.

Further Distinctions Between Nonprofits, For-profit Businesses, and Governmental Entities

The fundamental difference between nonprofits and government bodies lies in their governance structure. Unlike government agencies, nonprofits typically operate under volunteer boards of directors or trustees, underscoring the importance of volunteers in nonprofit organizations. These boards guide the organization’s direction while governed by constitutions, bylaws, or similar frameworks established by their members.

Members are responsible for the entity and its resources, though the benefits extend to the entire community rather than select individuals. For incorporated nonprofits, dissolution requires transferring assets to another nonprofit entity.

Regarding financial sustainability, nonprofits blend various funding sources, including donations, grants, and earned income, to support their missions. This revenue structure requires a careful balance between idealistic goals and practical considerations, with every resource dedicated to creating positive change. While bound by applicable laws, nonprofits maintain significant autonomy in establishing internal procedures, resolving conflicts, and defining relationships with constituents. This independence enables them to remain focused on their core mission while adapting to changing community needs.

Nonprofits must adhere to regulatory requirements, including filing reports with the IRS, state agencies, and local authorities. Credible allegations of misconduct can result in sanctions or closure. However, when operating ethically, nonprofits generally maintain their autonomy, protected by constitutional rights, particularly First Amendment provisions. Religious nonprofits usually enjoy enhanced protection against external interference.

How Nonprofits Meet Needs and Fill Voids

Nonprofits especially shine within the humanitarian aid sector. Groups like Doctors Without Borders (MSF), World Central Kitchen, the Red Cross, and the International Rescue Committee often venture into conflicts and disasters ahead of military or government interventions. Habitat for Humanity’s response to Indonesia’s devastating 2018 earthquake and tsunami demonstrates this impact. The catastrophe claimed over 2,000 lives, injured countless others, and displaced entire communities. Habitat’s comprehensive, community-centered approach included several crucial components:

  1. Emergency shelters: They provided immediate temporary housing to more than 5,000 families.
  2. Water and Sanitation: Clean water systems were established, benefiting over 10,000 individuals.
  3. Permanent Housing: Their primary focus involved rapidly constructing disaster-resistant homes.

Within the first year, Habitat achieved significant milestones:

  • 1,500 disaster-resistant houses were constructed
  • 7,000 families received comprehensive support, from housing to livelihood assistance
  • 20 communities experienced holistic restoration, encompassing physical, social, and economic recovery

This Indonesian case study represents just one nonprofit’s impact. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, functioning as a quasi-nonprofit NGO itself, coordinates thousands of global charitable organizations that extend beyond essential infrastructure development, addressing various community needs, from distributing personal hygiene products to deploying trauma counselors.

The NGO Long Game

Global NGOs demonstrate the importance of nonprofit organizations through their long-term strategic initiatives addressing humanity’s most pressing challenges. At the Skoll Foundation‘s 2017 World Forum at Oxford University’s Said Business School, over 2000 social innovators gathered to share successful strategies for tackling issues from rural healthcare in Africa to sustainable housing solutions in India and youth agricultural employment in Nigeria. Founded in 1999 by eBay’s founding president, Jeff Skoll, the Foundation catalyzes transformative social change through strategic investments, networking, and championing social entrepreneurs who develop innovative solutions to global challenges.

Room to Read illustrates another remarkable example of sustained impact, particularly in regions previously plagued by illiteracy. Their literacy program has achieved an impressive 82% increase in reading fluency and comprehension. The organization’s reach extends to 23 million children across 20 countries in Asia and Africa, demonstrating again the importance of volunteers who help implement these programs.

Similarly, news commentator Lawrence O’Donnell‘s K.I.N.D (Kids in Need of Desks) Fund showcases how focused initiatives can create substantial change. Through viewer support on MSNBC, the fund has raised over $17 million, providing desks to more than 500,000 students and scholarships to over 3,000 young women in Malawi and other sub-Saharan nations.

The Big Picture

On the domestic front, organizations like the National Center for Nonprofit Enterprise, the National Council of Nonprofits, the Society for Nonprofits, and Compass Pro Bono provide crucial support services to nonprofit boards, staff, and volunteers. Compass Pro Bono’s mission specifically focuses on creating sustainable connections between local nonprofits and business professionals to foster thriving, equitable communities.

Supporting these organizations through donations and volunteering creates a multiplier effect, as their services benefit numerous nonprofits simultaneously.

The principles of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) face increasing challenges under the new executive administration and its congressional supporters, who sophomorically label these efforts as the “woke agenda.” The latter three consultative organizations mentioned above actively work to strengthen these values, both through their direct programming and indirect support to beneficiary organizations.

Healthcare Access

Healthcare provides compelling examples of the importance of nonprofits. St. Jude’s Hospital for Children is a beacon of innovation in pediatric cancer treatment. Through dedicated research, they’ve achieved remarkable success in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia, raising survival rates from a stark 4% to an impressive 94%. Their commitment extends beyond treatment to pioneering research that has transformed approaches to malignant diseases, making treatments gentler and more effective. Their unwavering promise that no family ever receives a bill for treatment, travel, housing, or food – regardless of their place of origin – exemplifies their ethic. Similarly, Philadelphia’s Shriners Children’s Hospital operates as an independent, charitable research and teaching institution, ensuring quality care regardless of patients’ ability to pay.

These organizations represent just a fraction of the over 2 million nonprofits in the United States. The National Philanthropic Trust reports that NGOs receive approximately $500 billion annually, with individuals contributing $340 billion of that sum. The sector continues to grow, with state corporation regulations facilitating the relatively easy establishment of new nonprofits across jurisdictions. As you read this article, hundreds of new organizations addressing various worthy causes will be born.

The following organizations exemplify the diverse range of needs, causes, and populations served by nonprofits:

Social Justice and Equality

  • The Trevor Project – This national organization provides crucial suicide prevention and crisis intervention services for LGBTQ+ youth, offering essential support during vulnerable periods of self-discovery.
  • SAGE – Focusing on the other end of the age spectrum, this organization champions LGBTQ+ elders through comprehensive advocacy and housing initiatives, ensuring dignity and support for those who faced historical discrimination.
  • The Coalition for the Homeless—As the nation’s oldest advocacy and direct service organization for homeless individuals and families, it fights for fundamental rights, including affordable housing, adequate food, and living wages.

Breaking the Cycle of Poverty for Low-Income Individuals and Households

  • National Immigration Law Center (NILC)—According to its mission statement, the National Immigration Law Center (NILC) is a pioneering advocacy organization that champions the rights and opportunities of low-income immigrants and their families.
  • National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC): This coalition champions the fundamental human right to housing, striving to ensure America’s lowest-income residents have access to safe, affordable, and dignified homes.
  • Feeding America: As the nation’s largest hunger relief organization, Feeding America coordinates a vast network of food banks. Its dual approach addresses immediate hunger needs while advocating for systemic changes to eliminate food insecurity.

Reclaiming Heritage and Rights for Indigenous Americans

  • Native American Rights Fund (NARF): Through strategic legal advocacy, NARF is a powerful defender of tribal sovereignty and Native rights, working to reverse centuries of systemic injustice. Their comprehensive efforts range from protecting sacred lands to ensuring equal voting access for Native communities.
  • American Indian College Fund: This organization recognizes education as a catalyst for change. It creates opportunities for Native students through comprehensive scholarship programs and support services. Its work exemplifies how education can preserve cultural heritage and build sustainable futures.
  • Wings of America: This organization holistically strengthens Native communities by nurturing mind, body, and spirit while honoring ancestral traditions. Their programs encompass running training, youth mentorship, educational advancement, and cultural identity reinforcement.

Strengthening Vulnerable Women of Color

  • Black and Missing Foundation: Addressing a critical gap in media coverage and law enforcement attention, this Foundation advocates for missing persons of color, particularly women and girls. They provide essential resources to families while educating minority communities about personal safety.
  • Women of Color Foundation: Operating as a 501c3 tax-exempt organization, Women of Color creates powerful networking opportunities while delivering comprehensive personal and professional development programs for Women of Color.
  • Ujima (The National Center on Violence Against Women in the Black Community): Established to combat domestic, sexual, and community violence in the Black community, this organization takes a proactive approach to creating lasting change.

Justice for Sexual Assault Victims

  • RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network): The nation’s largest anti-sexual violence organization, RAINN, provides invaluable support to survivors through their 24/7 National Sexual Assault Hotline while advocating for stronger policies to prevent sexual violence and support survivors.
  • National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC): A division of Respect Together, this organization pursues an unwavering commitment to ending sexual violence and supporting survivors nationwide. Their comprehensive programs transform societal understanding and responses to sexual harassment, abuse, and assault, creating lasting change.
  • Stop It Now! takes a proactive approach to preventing child sexual abuse. They empower adults, families, and communities with crucial resources and support systems to protect children before harm occurs, creating a safer environment for future generations.

Forgotten People

  • National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is a vital advocate for those affected by rare diseases, highlighting the importance of volunteers in nonprofit organizations. Their patient advocacy initiatives, research support programs, and educational outreach bring essential attention and resources to often-overlooked conditions.
  • Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation. Established by the renowned late actor Christopher Reeve and his wife Dana following his spinal cord injury, this Foundation serves as a comprehensive national resource for those affected by paralysis. Through its National Paralysis Resource Center, it provides crucial support for independent living and quality of life enhancement, emphasizing the daily challenges and triumphs of the paralysis community.
  • The Arc – Champions the universal human rights of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, actively promoting their complete inclusion and participation in society.

Preserving, Defending, and Advancing a Free and Democratic Society

  • Common Cause works tirelessly to fortify American democracy against contemporary challenges. Their initiatives span all government levels, focusing on protecting voting rights, regulating campaign finance, ensuring public official accountability, and strengthening democratic institutions.
  • The Center for Election Innovation and Research dedicates its efforts to rebuilding trust in America’s electoral system, promoting inclusive participation while ensuring robust election security and integrity measures.
  • The National League of Cities (NLC) unites leaders from cities, towns, and villages in their mission to enhance the quality of life for current and future constituents through strengthened local governance structures.

In Summary

Nonprofit organizations are potent catalysts for positive change, demonstrating that every action contributes to broader movements for justice and equality. These organizations challenge society to expand perspectives, acknowledge others’ struggles, and take meaningful action. Whether through board service, financial support, volunteer work, social media advocacy, professional engagement, or establishing new organizations with like-minded individuals, everyone can contribute to these vital missions for social change.

Nonprofit organizations are pillars of civil society, fostering community connections, facilitating accurate information dissemination, and mobilizing citizens to support vulnerable populations. These organizations demonstrate their importance through their ability to influence elected officials, shape public policy, and ensure governmental accountability. The importance of leadership in nonprofit organizations is evident as their leaders unite diverse communities and exemplify ethical, compassionate, and moral guidance. Many of these leaders later transition into public service roles.

The United States itself operates as an extensive nonprofit entity. This fact underscores why nonprofit sector experience is invaluable for future government personnel across all departments. Government operations align more closely with nonprofit principles than business practices. Furthermore, nonprofits are crucial in organizing resistance against unresponsive governance, public corruption, and state-sponsored misconduct.

Regardless of their specific focus, these organizations contribute to global betterment, enhance human welfare, and reinforce freedom, democracy, and social justice. They maintain collaborative efforts for the common good while standing firm against misinformation, indignity, violence, hatred, and malevolence.

This moment presents an opportunity to evaluate our engagement with nonprofit organizations. Their need for support will only increase over the next 48 months. For those not currently involved with non-governmental benevolence organizations, affinity groups, or community initiatives, consider investing your time, skills, and resources in these worthy causes. For those connected to non-profit work, consider doing even more in the days, weeks, months, and years ahead. Your contribution can make a significant difference in strengthening these vital institutions. Do it for your own sake, the sake of others, and the world’s sake.

Time is of the essence.

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Malala: ‘Honest Conversations on Girls’ Education Start by Exposing the Worst Violations’

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Asia-Pacific, Civil Society, Conferences, Development & Aid, Editors’ Choice, Education, Featured, Gender, Headlines, Human Rights, Humanitarian Emergencies, Sustainable Development Goals, TerraViva United Nations

Education

Pop singer and education activist Shehzad Roy plays chess with Malala Yousafzai. Courtesy: Shehzad Roy

Pop singer and education activist Shehzad Roy plays chess with Malala Yousafzai. Courtesy: Shehzad Roy

KARACHI, Pakistan, Jan 13 2025 (IPS) – “She was at her brilliant best, speaking fearlessly and boldly about the treatment of women by the Afghan Taliban, robbing an entire generation of girls their future, and how they want to erase them from society,” said educationist and one of the speakers, Baela Raza Jamil, referring to the speech by Nobel Laureate and education activist Malala Yousafzai.

Jamil heads Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi, an organization promoting progressive education.

Malala addressed the second day of a two-day international conference organized by the Pakistan Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training (MoFE&PT) on January 11 and 12, to discuss the challenges and opportunities for girls’ education in Muslim communities.

“They are violators of human rights, and no cultural or religious excuse can justify them,” said Malala. “Let’s not legitimize them.”

Pop singer and education activist Shehzad Roy was equally impressed.

Roy said, “When she speaks, she speaks from the heart.”

It has been a little over three years since the Taliban banned secondary education for girls in Afghanistan on September 17, shortly after their return to power in August 2021. In 2022, the Taliban put a ban on women studying in colleges, and then in December 2024, this was extended to include women studying nursing, midwifery and dentistry.

In October 2012, at 15, Malala survived a Taliban assassination attempt for advocating girls’ education in Mingora, Pakistan. She was flown to England for treatment and has since settled there with her family while facing continued Taliban threats.

Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy, a university professor and columnist, acknowledged that the treatment of girls and women in Afghanistan was essentially “primitive and barbaric,” but emphasized that “before the Pakistani government takes on the mantle of being their [Afghan women’s] liberator, there are laws relating to women (in Pakistan) that need to be changed and anti-women practices that need to be dismantled.”

Syani Saheliyan project which helped nearly 50,000 adolescent girls by providing academic, life skills, vocational training, and technology-driven support to reintegrate Courtesy: Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi

Syani Saheliyan project, which helped nearly 50,000 adolescent girls by providing academic, life skills, vocational training, and technology-driven support to reintegrate Courtesy: Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi

Dismantling many of the colonial laws and legal systems that perpetuate gender inequality at both personal and societal levels was also pointed out by Jamil, who spoke about the important role women can play in peacebuilding. But that was only possible, she said, when society can promote education and lifelong learning without discrimination.

“In Malala, we have a living example of a contemporary young student’s lived experience of responding to deadly violence by becoming a unique peacebuilder,” said Jamil in her speech to the conference.

This high-profile conference deliberately kept low-key till the last minute for “security reasons gathered 150 delegates, including ministers, ambassadors, scholars, and representatives from 44 Muslim and allied countries, as well as international organizations like UNESCO, UNICEF, the World Bank, and the Saudi-funded Muslim World League.

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Hoodbhoy, however, said the summit was “solely purposed to break Pakistan’s isolation with the rest of the world and shore up a wobbly government desperate for legitimacy.”

While some Indian organizations were represented, Afghanistan, despite being invited, was conspicuously absent.

This did not go unnoticed.

“The silence of the Taliban, the world’s worst offender when it comes to girls’ education, was deafening,” pointed out Michael Kugelman, director of the Washington D.C.-based Wilson Center’s South Asia Institute. Given the strained relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan, he said the former may have wanted this conference to bring attention to the Taliban’s horrific record on girls’ education.

“And it has succeeded, to a degree, especially with an iconic figure like Malala using the conference as a platform to condemn gender apartheid in Afghanistan under the Taliban.”

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Yusafzai was glad that the conference was taking place in Pakistan. “Because there is still a tremendous amount of work that is ahead of us, so that every Pakistani girl can have access to her education,” she said, referring to the 12 million out-of-school girls.

Kugelman credited Pakistan as the host for not trying “to hide its own failures” on the education front. “It was important that Prime Minister Sharif acknowledged the abysmal state of girls’ education in Pakistan in his conference speech,” he said.

With 26 million out-of-school children in Pakistan, 53 percent of whom are girls, the summit seemed to be in line with Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s declaration of an education emergency in Pakistan last year, vowing to “bring them [unschooled children] back to school.”

“The PM is rightly worried about out-of-school kids, but I’m more worried about those who complete ten years of education and fail to develop critical thinking,” said Roy, commenting on the summit. The pop singer has been a very vocal education activist for over two decades.

Hoodbhoy had similar thoughts. “Had there been serious intent to educate girl children, the more effective and far cheaper strategies would be to make coeducation compulsory at the primary and early secondary levels to increase school availability and design curriculum to educate and inform girls (and boys) rather than simply brainwash,” he said.

Pop singer and education activist Shehzad Roy is concerned with the quality of education. Courtesy: Shehzad Roy

Pop singer and education activist Shehzad Roy is concerned with the quality of education. Courtesy: Shehzad Roy

Roy stated that Yousafzai has consistently emphasized the importance of quality education. With just 150 government training institutions in Pakistan, he said there was an urgent need for reform through public-private partnerships. He also noted that many private schools hire unqualified teachers and advocated for a teaching license, like medical licenses.

Since forming the Zindagi Trust in 2003, Roy has been advocating for better quality education in public schools. He has also adopted two government girl’s schools in Karachi and turned them around, providing meals to nursery children and teaching chess and musical instruments, both unheard of in public schools, especially for girls.

The Prime Minister acknowledged that enrolling 26 million students in school was a challenging task, with “inadequate infrastructure, safety concerns, as well as deeply entrenched societal norms” acting as barriers, and stated that the real challenge was the “will” to do it.

For 34 years, Jamil has raised questions about the design and process of education in Pakistan through annual reports. She believes that bringing 26 million children back to school is less challenging than ensuring “foundational learning” for those already enrolled. “Forty-five percent of children aged 5-16 fail in reading, comprehension, and arithmetic,” she told IPS. Along with improved funding and well-equipped school infrastructure, Jamil was also concerned about what she termed a runaway population.

Lamenting on a “lack of imagination to solve the education crisis” within the government, she said there was potential to achieve so much more. Jamil’s own organisation’s 2018 Syani Saheliyan project helped nearly 50,000 adolescent girls (ages 9-19) in South Punjab who had dropped out of school. It provided academics, life skills, vocational training, and technology-driven support to reintegrate them into education. The project was recognized by HundrEd Innovation in 2023.

Even Dr. Fozia Parveen, assistant professor at Aga Khan University’s Institute for Educational Development, would like the government to think outside the box and find a “middle ground” by including local wisdom in modern education.

“Instead of western-led education in an already colonial education system, perhaps a more grassroots approach using local methods of education can be looked into,” she suggested, adding: “There is so much local wisdom and knowledge that we will lose if we continue to be inspired by and adopt foreign systems. An education that is localized with all modern forms and technologies is necessary for keeping up with the world,” she said.

Further, Parveen, who looks at environmental and climate education, said “more skill-based learning would be needed in the times to come, which would require updated curriculum and teachers that are capacitated to foster those skills.”

The two-day International Conference on Girls’ Education in Muslim Communities ended with the signing of the Islamabad Declaration, recognizing education as a fundamental right protected by divine laws, Islamic teachings, international charters, and national constitutions. Muslim leaders pledged to ensure girls’ right to education, “without limitations” and “free from restrictive conditions,” in line with Sharia. The declaration highlighted girls’ education as a religious and societal necessity, key to empowerment, stable families, and global peace, while addressing extremism and violence.

It condemned extremist ideologies, fatwas, and cultural norms hindering girls’ education and perpetuating societal biases. Leaders committed to offering scholarships for girls affected by poverty and conflict and developing programs for those with special needs to ensure inclusivity.

The declaration concluded by affirming “it will not be a temporary appeal, an empty declaration, or simply a symbolic stance. Rather, it will represent a qualitative transformation in advocating for girls’ education—bringing prosperity to every deprived girl and to every community in dire need of the contributions of both
its sons and daughters equally”.

A permanent committee was urged to oversee the implementation of these outcomes.

IPS UN Bureau Report